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Molecules 2022, 27, x FOR PEER REVIEW 25 of 34 Molecules 2022, 27, 6516 24 of 32 (shown in Figure 17). The reversible capacity increased from 94.0 mAh g−1 to 300.6 mAh HC electrode in an Na-bp solution due to the strong sodiation ability of Na-bp. Xu [136] g−1, and the ICE rose up to 88.6% from 64.2%. Recently, it has been proven that HC ma- pioneered a “foreign SEI” pre-treatment strategy in which a complete SEI film was formed terials with expanded carbon interlayers could be made by the controlled introduction of by circulating in an ester electrolyte in advance, and then the HC electrode was stabilized oxygen-containing functional groups [131]. This pre-treatment greatly improved the ca- in the ether electrolyte. By combining the stability of an SEI film formed by the decom- pacity and performance of the raw commercial HC from 270 mAh g−1 to 341 mAh g−1 in 20 position of the ester electrolyte with the fast transport performance of the Sodium-ion mA g−1. Kinetic measurement and theoretical calculation results show that the introduc- in an ether-based electrolyte, an HC anode material with high cycling stability and rate tion of oxygen-containing functional groups expands the distance between the carbon performance was obtained through this synergistic action. It retained 200 mAh g−1 in layers, promotes the diffusion of sodium-ions, and enhances the adsorption capacity of 0.5 A g−1 after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, to compensate for the sodium irreversible ca- sodium-ions. On the other hand, Wang [132] considered that the influence of unremoved pacity, a sodium-rich cathode can be used to optimize battery performance [137]. Such a heteroatoms and defects on HC lacks an experimental confirmation. Therefore, they used cathode containing sodium can provide Sodium-ions to alleviate the irreversible sodium a pre-treatment method in which a mixture of organic vapor and argon is introduced loss during cycling, thus improving the energy density of the full battery. It is also possible during the annealing process of the precursor, to precisely regulate the heteroatoms and to use a sodium-supplement reagent (cathode sacrificial additive) that is oxidized as a defects in the HC layer by controlling the atmosphere. If the vapor of cyclohexane is in- cathode in the cycling to provide the sodium-ion capacity [138]. Obviously, both methods troduced, for example, the decomposition products react with the oxygen-containing rely on metallic sodium or its active compounds (Na N or Na P), which inevitably leads functional groups on the surface and fill the defects of3the carbo3n layer. Following this to safety problems. Therefore, their commercial potential is bound to be limited by safety engineering treatment, this kind of HC anode exhibited a high ICE up to 85%, and the risks, and a more stable sodium supplement strategy needs to be−1explored. full-cellconsistsofHC//NVPFwithanenergydensityof239Whkg . Figure 17. Schematic illustration of the carbon with or without the pre-oxidation treatment, in- Figure 17. Schematic illustration of the carbon with or without the pre-oxidation treatment, including cluding DSC curves and SEM images with the schematic diagram [26]. DSC curves and SEM images with the schematic diagram [26]. 4.4.3.PSrel-fl-iSthuipupmoristiangprAen-toredaetment method that significantly improves lithium capacity in LIBs. Balbuena and Li [133] applied pre-lithium to SIBs by ball milling Si with Li In the preparation of a full battery, the addition of a binder has a certain influence on powder and contacting them with a tetraglyme-based electrolyte. It formed a SEI film via the performance of the conductive carbon anode; for example, volume expansion in the a reaction with the active substances, hindering the transfer of Sodium-ions and reducing process of charge and discharge will lead to a bad contact between the electrode and collec- the open-circuit voltage. This operation avoids the danger and instability of Na powder. tor. In order to alleviate the inhibition of ionic diffusion and electron transfer by binders, Meanwhile, the lithium replenishment strategy in LIBs is adopted and the ICE in the HC self-supporting anodes have been studied continuously in LIBs [139]. Similarly, in recent years, self-supported anodes in SIBs without binders have been developed [140]. Yu [141] reported a simple preparation strategy for self-supporting HC anodes by constructing three-dimensional interconnected carbon nanofiber films by carbonizing bacterial cellulose,PDF Image | Hard Carbons as Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries
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