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Molecules 2022, 27, 6516 27 of 32 References development of SIBs and is in a continuing process of development. To cater for the various energy demands, from small electronic products to large-scale power grid storage, an HC anode plays an integral role, which could push battery technology into a low-cost, high-performance, safer, and more stable direction. It will continue to receive the attention of enterprises and researchers. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, L.L.; writing—original draft preparation, L.L.; writing—review and editing, L.L., Y.T., A.A., M.R.H.S.G., W.Z. and G.X.; supervision, G.X.; fund- ing acquisition, A.A., W.Z. and G.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22004116, 22174136 and 21874126), and China Scholarship Council (No. 2017GXZ021380). Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. Megahed, S.; Scrosati, B. Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. J. Power Source 1994, 51, 79–104. [CrossRef] 2. Tarascon, J.M.; Armand, M. Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. Nature 2001, 414, 359–367. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 3. Armand, M.; Tarascon, J.M. Building better batteries. Nature 2008, 451, 652–657. [CrossRef] 4. Zhao, H.; Wu, Q.; Hu, S.; Xu, H.; Rasmussen, C.N. Review of energy storage system for wind power integration support. Appl. Energy 2015, 137, 545–553. [CrossRef] 5. Gruber, P.W.; Medina, P.A.; Keoleian, G.A.; Kesler, S.E.; Everson, M.P.; Wallington, T.J. Global Lithium Availability. J. Ind. Ecol. 2011, 15, 760–775. [CrossRef] 6. Vikström, H.; Davidsson, S.; Höök, M. Lithium availability and future production outlooks. Appl. Energy 2013, 110, 252–266. [CrossRef] 7. Usiskin, R.; Lu, Y.; Popovic, J.; Law, M.; Balaya, P.; Hu, Y.-S.; Maier, J. Fundamentals, status and promise of sodium-based batteries. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2021, 6, 1020–1035. [CrossRef] 8. Kubota, K.; Komaba, S. Review—Practical Issues and Future Perspective for Na-Ion Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162, A2538–A2550. [CrossRef] 9. Tian, Y.; Zeng, G.; Rutt, A.; Shi, T.; Kim, H.; Wang, J.; Koettgen, J.; Sun, Y.; Ouyang, B.; Chen, T.; et al. Promises and Challenges of Next-Generation “Beyond Li-ion” Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Grid Decarbonization. Chem. Rev. 2021, 121, 1623–1669. [CrossRef] 10. Bianchini, M.; Fauth, F.; Brisset, N.; Weill, F.; Suard, E.; Masquelier, C.; Croguennec, L. Comprehensive Investigation of the Na3V2(PO4)2F3–NaV2(PO4)2F3 System by Operando High Resolution Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction. Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 3009–3020. [CrossRef] 11. Zhang, X.; Rui, X.; Chen, D.; Tan, H.; Yang, D.; Huang, S.; Yu, Y. Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 : An advanced cathode for sodium-ion batteries. Nanoscale 2019, 11, 2556–2576. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 12. Vassilaras, P.; Toumar, A.J.; Ceder, G. Electrochemical properties of NaNi1/3Co1/3Fe1/3O2 as a cathode material for Na-ion batteries. Electrochem. Commun. 2014, 38, 79–81. [CrossRef] 13. Park, S.; Song, J.; Kim, S.; Sambandam, B.; Mathew, V.; Kim, S.; Jo, J.; Kim, S.; Kim, J. Phase-pure Na3V2(PO4)2F3 embedded in carbon matrix through a facile polyol synthesis as a potential cathode for high performance sodium-ion batteries. Nano Res. 2019, 12, 911–917. [CrossRef] 14. Wang, L.; Lu, Y.; Liu, J.; Xu, M.; Cheng, J.; Zhang, D.; Goodenough, J.B. A superior low-cost cathode for a Na-ion battery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 1964–1967. [CrossRef] 15. Mu, L.; Ben, L.; Hu, Y.-S.; Li, H.; Chen, L.; Huang, X. Novel 1.5 V anode materials, ATiOPO4(A = NH4, K, Na), for room- temperature sodium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 7141–7147. [CrossRef] 16. Senguttuvan, P.; Rousse, G.; Vezin, H.; Tarascon, J.M.; Palacín, M.R. Titanium(III) Sulfate as New Negative Electrode for Sodium-Ion Batteries. Chem. Mater. 2013, 25, 2391–2393. [CrossRef] 17. Senguttuvan, P.; Rousse, G.; Seznec, V.; Tarascon, J.-M.; Palacín, M.R. Na2Ti3O7: Lowest Voltage Ever Reported Oxide Insertion Electrode for Sodium Ion Batteries. Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 4109–4111. [CrossRef] 18. Hariharan, S.; Saravanan, K.; Balaya, P. α-MoO3: A high performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Electrochem. Commun. 2013, 31, 5–9. [CrossRef] 19. Gao, L.; Lu, D.; Yang, Y.; Guan, R.; Zhang, D.; Sun, C.; Liu, S.; Bian, X. Amorphous TiO2-x modified Sb nanowires as a high-performance sodium-ion battery anode. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2022, 581, 121396. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Hard Carbons as Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries
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