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Energies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2022, 15, 8086 9 of 20 FFigiugruer6e. S6E.MSEaMnalaynsiasloyfs(ias) oKf-C(aS,)(Kb)-NCaS-,C(Sb,)(cN) Zan-C-CS,. (c) Zn-CS. In ZnCl2, during pyrolysis, it acts as a dehydrating agent where aromatization and The mechanism behind the chemical activation used is popular for sever charring of carbon yield the formation of pores. After pyrolysis, in the washing stage, the materials. In KOH, the pore generation is primarily owing to the presence of o unreacted ZnCl2 salts can be removed, resulting in further pore generation [35]. In these thKreOeHca,sews,hthicehrereexsisutsltasminestohpeoreoxucslruesgion. WofhsetnacboimlizparteiodntoaKn–dCSc,rNosas–-ClSin, aknidngZno–fCcSarbon the Zn–CS has a more porous structure. the pyrolysis temperature, the metallic K inserts into the carbon edifice and dis The TEM micrograph of the K–CS, Na–CS, and Zn–CS is shown in Figure 7. The arrangement of the crystallite. The porous nature is overseen by the amputati irregular and randomly oriented structure observed indicates a disordered and amorphous tassium salts through washing and the removal of interior carbon atoms durin HC. The material is categorized by the incidence of turbostratic graphitic domains scattered rolysis process [31,32]. in a non–graphitic carbon matrix, as predicted for a distinctive hard carbon material. The intIenrpNlaanOarHse,ptahreatpioonr(eavseizraegiesdm) inaitnhleyradnuge otof ~s0o.m38enmactisivdetseicttesdibnytthe cThEaMr that a fringe analysis as can be evidently inferred from Figure 7. The specific separation in by strong corrosive NaOH at high temperatures. During the pyrolysis proces the carbon material compiles a synthesized HC as an appropriate choice for reversible suing char is richer in carbon, and the basic porous structure is formed by r intercalation/deintercalation of Na ions. non-carbon atoms. In the interim, the char is rearranged for the crystal struct The nitrogen adsorption and desorption were analyzed for K–CS, Na–CS, and Zn–CS shamamplepse.rTsabtlhee2sDuecscreisbseisvteheatcetxitvuaratilodnatraeoafctthieonsysntwheitshizeNdasaOmHpletso. Fgiegnuerersa8teanadp9orous show the specific surface area and pore size of the synthesized carbon materials which [33,34]. were influenced by the activating agents (KOH, NaOH, ZnCl2). It can be discovered In ZnCl2, during pyrolysis, it acts as a dehydrating agent where aromatiz that a typical IV isotherm with a well-defined hysteresis pressure P/P0 of K–CS, Na–CS, charring of carbon yield the formation of pores. After pyrolysis, in the washing Zn–CS samples between 0.3 and 0.95, the isotherms display a sharp step characteristic of unreacted ZnCl2 salts can be removed, resulting in further pore generation [35] capillary condensation of nitrogen within uniform mesopores, where the P/P0 position of the inflection point is correlated to the diameter of the mesopore [36,37]. It also specifies three cases, there exists a mesoporous region. When compared to K–CS, Na–CS, the occurrence of some open mesopores. Though, the hysteresis loop progressively shrinks CS the Zn–CS has a more porous structure. with the increase in hard carbon loading, signifying that there is a clear change in the The TEM micrograph of the K–CS, Na–CS, and Zn–CS is shown in Figure nanopores of the materials after the activation process. Particularly for the samples Zn–CS, regular and randomly oriented structure observed indicates a disordered a the hysteresis loop fades, and the total nitrogen adsorption volume reduces to the minimum. Tphhe ospuesciHficCs.uTrfhaceemaraetaesroiaf lKi–sCcSa, tNega–oCriSz, eadndbZynt–hCeSianrceidcaelcnucleatoedf tuo rbbeo1s5t3r.a3tmic2g/rga, phitic 79.240 m2/g, and 20.780 m2/g, and are shown in Table 2. The surface area also plays an scattered in a non–graphitic carbon matrix, as predicted for a distinctive har imperative role in improving the EC performance of CSHC. Combined with SEM results, material. The interplanar separation (averaged) in the range of ~0.38 nm is det the TEM fringe analysis as can be evidently inferred from Figure 7. The specifi tion in the carbon material compiles a synthesized HC as an appropriate choi versible intercalation/deintercalation of Na ions. a a r o g r s e u s a s . 7 n d c cPDF Image | Morphology Derived Coconut Sheath for Sodium-Ion Battery
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