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Energies 2022, 15, 8086 17 of 20 Figure 12. Cyclic performance and efficiency of K-CS, Na-CS, Zn-CS. Figure 13. Rate capability of K-CS, Na-CS, Zn-CS. Figure 13. Rate capability of K-CS, Na-CS, Zn-CS. Table 3. Comparison of different hard carbon materials as anodes for SIBs. Anode Materials Hard Carbon from corn straw piths (HC 1400, HC 1600) Hard Carbon from sucrose/PF precursors (HCM 1000, HCM 1200, HCM 1600) Hard Carbon from waste tea biomass (PWT 1200, PWT 1400, PWT 1600) Pinecone bio-mass derived Hard Carbon (PHC 1000, PHC 1200, PHC 1600) Coconut Sheath Derived Hard Carbon (K-CS, Na-CS, Zn-CS) Capacity (mAh g−1) 120 mAh g−1, 80 mAh g−1 95 mAh g−1, 105 mAh g−1, 68 mAh g−1 88 mAh g−1, 95 mAh g−1, 70 mAh g−1 86 mAh g−1, 99 mAh g−1, 43 mAh g−1 141.27 mAh g−1, 153.02 mAh g−1, 162.30 mAh g−1 Current Density (mAg−1) 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C Reference [40] [38] [37] [36] Present work Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) were analyzed with an AC amplitude of 10 mV using a biologic (BCS-815, France) battery tester, with a frequency from 10 kHz to 1 Hz at room temperature. The enhancement of the material’s conductivity is confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS Nyquist plot equivalent circuit (inset) of K–CS, Na–CS, and Zn–CS anode material is presented in Figure 14. The Nyquist plot comprises a semicircle (high-frequency region) and an inclined line (low-frequency region). In the equivalent circuit RCT, represents charge transfer resistance at the elec- trolyte/electrode interface, RS designates the solution resistance or ohmic resistance which is the total resistance of the cell. CPE denotes the constant phase element and ZW corre- sponds to the Warburg resistance that implies the Warburg diffusion in the cell. The value of RCT for the K–CS, Na–CS, and Zn–CS cells are 139, 118, and 129 Ω, and Rs value for the K–CS, Na–CS, and Zn–CS cells are 87, 56, and 26 Ω respectively, which signifies that the sodium ions migrate easily during the cycling process. The frequency from high to medium semicircle could be evinced for the K–CS, Na–CS, and Zn–CS materials for their low charge transfer resistance, which leads to the noticeable electrochemical performance of CSHC. When compared to these materials (K–CS, Na–CS, Zn–CS) the Zn–CS has low Rs value. Hence, it has the best electrochemical performance for SIBs.PDF Image | Morphology Derived Coconut Sheath for Sodium-Ion Battery
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