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Batteries 2022, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW BattBeraitetser2i0es22,082,2x, 8F,O6R PEER REVIEW 5 of 19 5 of 519of 18 (a) (a) (b) (c) (b) (c) Na alginate Na alginate Carboxylate C−O stretching-1 (1610 cm ) H alginate H alginate Carboxylate C−O stretching TBA alginate TBA alginate -1 (1610 cm ) Ester Hydroxyl O−H stretching Hydroxyl O−H stretc-1hing Ester C−O stretching Absorbance (a.u.) Absorbance (a.u.) (3400 cm-1) 4000 3500 4000 3500 Aliphatic C−H stretching Aliphatic C−H stretchin-g1 (2960−2850 cm ) (1250 cm-1) (3400 cm ) C−O stretching-1 (1250 cm ) (2960−2850 cm-1) 3000 2500 2000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 1500 1000 500 (1740 cm-1) 3000 Wavenumber (cm-1) Ester Ester C=O stretching C=O stretching-1 (1740 cm ) Wavenumber (cm-1) Figure 2. FTIR spectra of powders of alginic acid (H alginate), Na alginate and TBA alginate. FigFuirgeu2r.eF2T.IFRTsIpRescptreactorfapofwpdoewrds eorfsaolgf ianligcinaiccidac(iHd a(Hlgianlgatien)a,tNe)a, Nalagianlgatine atnedanTdBATBaAlgianlgatine.ate. 22.3.3..PPrreeppaarraatitoionnooffEElelecctrtrooddeess 2.3. Preparation of Electrodes Naa0.67MMnOnO2 elelcetcrotrdoedsews werereprperpeapraerdedbybyuusisninggTTBBAAaalglgininaateteaannddtwtwooooththeerrbbininddeerrss 0.67 2 Na0.67MnO2 electrodes were prepared by using TBA alginate and two other binders ffoorrrrefference, PVDF andNaaaalglgininaatet.e.AAhohmomogoegneonuosuslusrluryrrcyancabne boebtoabintaeidnwedithwiinththine tfihrest for reference, PVDF and Na alginate. A homogenous slurry can be obtained within the f3ir0stm3i0nmoifnmoifxminigxiwnghewnhuesninugsiPnVgDPVFDbiFndbienr.dTerh.eTmheixminigxiinsgniesvneervtheertlheseslecsosnctoinutienduefodrf4orh first 30 min of mixing when using PVDF binder. The mixing is nevertheless continued for to match the mixing times of electrodes based on alginate chemistries, since slurries with 4 h to match the mixing times of electrodes based on alginate chemistries, since slurries 4 h to match the mixing times of electrodes based on alginate chemistries, since slurries alginate binders were found to require mixing for longer, in order to obtain homogenous with alginate binders were found to require mixing for longer, in order to obtain homog- with alginate binders were found to require mixing for longer, in order to obtain homog- electrodes. Although none are used in this study, employing surfactants might be advised enous electrodes. Although none are used in this study, employing surfactants might be enous electrodes. Although none are used in this study, employing surfactants might be in the future work in order to speed up the electrode preparation. As water is quicker to advised in the future work in order to speed up the electrode preparation. As water is advised in the future work in order to speed up the electrode preparation. As water is evaporate than NMP or DMF, Na alginate-based electrodes were dried in room conditions quicker to evaporate than NMP or DMF, Na alginate-based electrodes were dried in room quicker to evaporate than NMP or DMF, Na alginate-based electrodes were dried in room initially to avoid electrode cracking. In our experiments, appearance of cracks correlated conditions initially to avoid electrode cracking. In our experiments, appearance of cracks conditions initially to avoid electrode cracking. In our experiments, appearance of cracks with significantly worse long term cycling results, so extended drying times (and somewhat correlated with significantly worse long term cycling results, so extended drying times correlated with significantly worse long term cycling results, so extended drying times longer water exposure) are preferred over a cracked electrode. (and somewhat longer water exposure) are preferred over a cracked electrode. (and somewhat longer water exposure) are preferred over a cracked electrode. Regarding the coating conditions, we found no difference in electrochemical properties Regarding the coating conditions, we found no difference in electrochemical proper- Regarding the coating conditions, we found no difference in electrochemical proper- (rate capability and long-term cycling) between electrodes coated and handled in Ar-filled ties (rate capability and long-term cycling) between electrodes coated and handled in Ar- ties (rate capability and long-term cycling) between electrodes coated and handled in Ar- glovebox and ambient conditions, likely due to the very limited air-exposure time. See filled glovebox and ambient conditions, likely due to the very limited air-exposure time. filled glovebox and ambient conditions, likely due to the very limited air-exposure time. details in Supplementary Information, figures and discussion in Chapter S2. See details in Supplementary Information, figures and discussion in Chapter S2. See details in Supplementary Information, figures and discussion in Chapter S2. SEM images of obtained electrodes (Figure 3) indicate that the electrodes are homoge- SEM images of obtained electrodes (Figure 3) indicate that the electrodes are homo- SEM images of obtained electrodes (Figure 3) indicate that the electrodes are homo- neous, and particles of active material are evenly dispersed within the matrix of the binder geneous, and particles of active material are evenly dispersed within the matrix of the geneous, and particles of active material are evenly dispersed within the matrix of the and carbon black electron-conducting additive. binder and carbon black electron-conducting additive. binder and carbon black electron-conducting additive. Figure 3. Cont.PDF Image | Na-Ion Batteries Tetrabutylammonium Alginate Binder
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