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Batteries 2022, 8, 6 15 of 18 additive was avoided. Electrochemical measurements were carried out by using Biologic VMP3 potentiostat/galvanostat. Galvanostatic charge-discharge curves were obtained in constant current mode between 2 and 4 V. We assume 1 C charge/discharge current to correspond to 175 mA/g, based on the stoichiometry Na0.67MnO2. Selected measurements with the PVDF and alginate binders were carried out in LIB cells following a procedure that is similar to the one described above. LIB cells consisted of metallic Li counter electrode, LiFePO4 (LFP, battery grade, MTI Corp., Richmond, CA, USA) electrode (LiFePO4:carbon black:binder ratio 75:15:10), Whatman GF/B separator and electrolyte, 1 M LiPF6 in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC). The volume ratio of solvents was 1:1. Tests were carried out in the voltage range of 2.7–4.0 V. For a post-mortem study, Na0.67MnO2 electrode was cycled at 1 C rate (175 mA/g) for 500 full charge-discharge cycles. To avoid contamination of the electrode surface, the experiments were carried out in an electrochemical cell without a separator. Cells were disassembled in an Ar-filled glovebox. Electrodes were rinsed in PC twice, 2 min each time, and dried before transferring to XPS in an inert-gas transfer tool to avoid air exposure. SEM images of the cycled electrodes were taken by using a Thermo Scientific Helios 5 UX scanning electron microscope. 5. Conclusions Na0.67MnO2 electrode with TBA alginate binder for SIBs has been successfully pre- pared and characterised. The prepared Na0.67MnO2 electrode has a gravimetric capacity of up to 164 mAh/g (6% higher than electrode prepared with the current state-of-art binder—PVDF) and good rate capability and cyclability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting TBA alginate as a binder in a battery application and is consequentially also the first alginate binder-based electrode prepared from a non-aqueous slurry. We conclude that TBA alginate-based electrodes, while somewhat tedious to prepare, display improved electrochemical performance when compared to PVDF-based electrodes. Therefore, TBA alginate is a good potential alternative to PVDF in battery applications where water-based processing of slurries is not feasible, such as the demonstrated case with Na0.67MnO2 cathode. Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/ 10.3390/batteries8010006/s1, Figure S1: XPS spectra of Na0.67MnO2, Figure S2: Electrochemical measurements of Na0.67MnO2 electrodes prepared in air and in argon-filled glovebox, Figure S3: Charge-discharge curves at 175 mA/g (1 C) over 500 cycles in 1 M NaClO4 electrolyte in PC with 5 wt.% FEC additive for electrodes prepared with PVDF, Na alginate and TBA alginate binder. Charge-discharge curves in same electrolyte without FEC additive for electrodes prepared with PVDF, Na alginate and TBA alginate, Figure S4: Electrochemical properties of Na0.67MnO2 active material treated for 2 h in deionized water, prepared with PVDF binder, Figure S5: Long term cycling results at 1 C (175 mA/g) rate for Na0.67MnO2 electrodes prepared with PVDF, Na alginate and TBA alginate binders in 1 M NaClO4 electrolyte without FEC additive, Figure S6: Electrochemical performance of PVDF-, Na alginate- and TBA alginate-based LiFePO4 electrodes, Table S1: Coulombic efficiencies of Na0.67MnO2 electrodes with different binders in electrolyte without FEC additive; measurements during the first five cycles and averaged value from cycles 50–10. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, G.K.; methodology, G.K. and B.K.; software for evaluation of data, J.H.; validation, B.K. and G.K.; formal analysis, G.K., B.K., A.S., A.V. and P.K.; investigation, B.K., P.K., A.S. and A.V.; resources, G.K. and J.H.; writing—original draft preparation, G.K., B.K. and A.S.; writing—review and editing, all authors; visualization, G.K.; supervision, G.K.; project administration, G.K.; funding acquisition, G.K. and G.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.PDF Image | Na-Ion Batteries Tetrabutylammonium Alginate Binder
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