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9 12 of 28 Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 3529 12 of 29 and −20 °C when they were compared with room temperature, its capacity retentions were still 94%, 90%, and 85%, respectively, indicating remarkable stability. It is worth mention- 3.3. NaTi2(PO4)3 3.3. NaTi2(PO4)3 Low electrical conductivity and the ion diffusion coefficient affect the multiplicity performance of the NaTi2(PO4)3 electrode, hindering their application in electric vehicles. capacity retentions were still 94%, 90%, and 85%, respectively, indicating remarkable ◦ ing that even at an exsttraebmiliteyl.yItlioswotrethmmpeenrtaiotnuinreg tohfat−e3v0en°Cat,aintsexstpremceiflyiclocwapteamcipteierastucroeuolfd−3s0tillC, its reach 349 mAh/g, which is 68% compared with that at room temperature. Meanwhile, at specific capacities could still reach 349 mAh/g, which is 68% compared with that at room temperature. Meanwhile, at −40 ◦C, it reached 278 mAh/g, which is 53% compared with −40 °C, it reached 278 mAh/g, which is 53% compared with that at room temperature at a that at room temperature at a 10 C rate. In addition, after 200 cycles, its specific capacity 10 C rate. In addition, after 200 cycles, its specific capacity remained 217 mAh/g at −40 °C. remained 217 mAh/g at −40 ◦C. Figure 7. (a) Three-dimensional framework of 3DSG, showing the transportation of Na+ and e-. (b) Figure 7. (a) Three-dimensional framework of 3DSG, showing the transportation of Na+ and e−. (b) Long- Long-term cycling in a range of temperatures at a 2 C rate. Reproduced with permission from Ref. term cycling in a range of temperatures at a 2 C rate. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [46]. Copyright [46]. Copyright 2018 WILEY-VCH. (c,d) SnSe@CNFs optical image without the addition of Se pow- 2018 WILEY-VCH. (c,d) SnSe@CNFs optical image without the addition of Se powder. Reproduced with der. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [48]. Copyright Springer Nature 2019. (e) SEM image of permission from Ref. [48]. Copyright Springer Nature 2019. (e) SEM image of ZnSe-40. (f) Long-term ◦ ZnSe-40. (f) Long-term cycclilnigngperpfoermfoarnmce aonf ZcenSoe-f40ZanSdep-u4r0e aZnSde patu−r1e0 ZCn.S(ge) aScth−e1m0at°icCil.lu(sgtr)aStiocnheomf FaetiSce i@l-C 3D 78 structure with Na+ and e− transportation routes. (h) Specific capacity and coulombic efficiency of lustration of Fe7Se8@C 3D structure with Na+ and e- transportation routes. (h) Specific capacity and ◦ cl-Fe7Se8@C//NVPOF full cell after 400 cycles at −25 C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [50]. coulombic efficiency of cl-Fe7Se8@C//NVPOF full cell after 400 cycles at −25 °C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [50]. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. Low electrical conductivity and the ion diffusion coefficient affect the multiplicity NaTi(PO) (NTP),withasodiumsuperionicconductor(NASICON)structure,haslarge 243 performance of the NaTi2(PO4)3 electrode, hindering their application in electric vehicles. ion channels for the insertion and extraction of sodium ions at a faster rate, thereby obtaining NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP), with a sodium superionic conductor (NASICON) structure, has large high electrical conductivity. At the same time, NTP can also be made into a one-dimensional structure, which is rich in sodium insertion sites. NTP also has the advantages of high capacity ion channels for the insertion and extraction of sodium ions at a faster rate, thereby ob- taining high electrical conductivity. At the same time, NTP can also be made into a one- and stable structure, which gives it excellent electrochemical performance at low temperatures. To enhance the multiplicity performance of NTP, carbon coating is more adopted by scientists dimensional structure, which is rich in sodium insertion sites. NTP also has the ad- since it not only effectively promotes the conductivity of it, but also reduces particle size and vantages of high capparceivtyentasnthde osxtaidbaltieonstorfumcettualrieo,nsw. ChhicuhnhguaivCehseniteteaxl.c[e5l2l]emnitxedletcratdroitciohneaml NiTcaPlwith NaV(PO) (NVP).Then,hecoatedthemixturewithgraphene-likelayerstosynthesize performance at low tem3pe2ratu4 r3es. To enhance the multiplicity performance of NTP, car- the new nano-porous electrode (NTP@C-2), as shown in Figure 8a,b. It is proved that bon coating is more adopted by scientists since it not only effectively promotes the con- NTP@C-2 had more sp2-type carbon than carbon-coated NTP without NVP, resulting ductivity of it, but also reduces particle size and prevents the oxidation of metal ions. in more favorable electrochemical performance. At a rate of 0.2 C, NTP@C-2 exhibited ◦◦ Chunhua Chen et al. [a52ch]amrgiexceadpatrciatydiotfio1n05almNAThP/gwaitt0h NC.aA3Vt 2−(P10O4)C3, (iNts VspPe)c.ifiTchcehna,rgheeccaopactietyd was ◦ demonstrated to be 108 mAh/g. At an extremely low temperature of −20 C, NTP@C-2 the mixture with graphene-like layers to synthesize the new nano-porous electrode showed specific capacities of 102 mAh/g, 98 mAh/g, and 61.1 mAh/g at a rate of 0.2 C, (NTP@C-2), as shown in Figure 8a,b. It is proved that NTP@C-2 had more sp2-type carbon than carbon-coated NTP without NVP, resulting in more favorable electrochemical per- formance. At a rate of 0.2 C, NTP@C-2 exhibited a charge capacity of 105 mAh/g at 0 °C. At −10 °C, its specific charge capacity was demonstrated to be 108 mAh/g. At an extremely 2 low temperature of −20 °C, NTP@C-2 showed specific capacities of 102 mAh/g, 98 mAh/g,PDF Image | Na Ion Batteries Used at Low Temperatures
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