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Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 984 Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 984 8 of 11 9 of 12 and 154 mA h g−1; specific discharge capacities of 169, 157, and 150 mA h g−1 in the first cycles, respectively. Remarkably, the NFM/C-2, composite material exhibited higher spe- 3 cycles, respectively. Remarkably, the NFM/C-2, composite material exhibited higher cific capacities compared with NFM and other carbon composite materials. It should be specific capacities compared with NFM and other carbon composite materials. It should be noted that the initial charge profile of the NFM/C composite is different from that of NFM noted that the initial charge profile of the NFM/C composite is different from that of NFM because of the stronger solid electrolyte interphase layer formed on the anode surface. The because of the stronger solid electrolyte interphase layer formed on the anode surface. The coulombic efficiency of the first cycle appears to be abnormal at over ~100% because of coulombic efficiency of the first cycle appears to be abnormal at over ~100% because of the the lower initial sodium content, which was hindered by the carbon content in the com- lower initial sodium content, which was hindered by the carbon content in the composite posite material [48,49]. It is evident, therefore, that the formation of a composite with car- material [48,49]. It is evident, therefore, that the formation of a composite with carbon can bon can affect the electrochemical reaction and eventually lead to improving the perfor- affect the electrochemical reaction and eventually lead to improving the performance of mance of NFM cathodes for sodium-ion storage. NFM cathodes for sodium-ion storage. Figure 7. Electrochemical performances of as-prepared NFM, NFM/C-1, NFM/C-2, and NFM/C-3 Figure 7. Electrochemical performances of as-prepared NFM, NFM/C-1, NFM/C-2, and NFM/C-3 materials, respectively: (a–d) galvanostatic charge/discharge curve at a current rate of 0.05 C for first materials, respectively: (a–d) galvanostatic charge/discharge curve at a current rate of 0.05 C for first 3 cycles, (e) cyclic performances at 0.5 C rate, and (f) rate capability at different current rates. 3 cycles, (e) cyclic performances at 0.5 C rate, and (f) rate capability at different current rates. To understand the stability of the material, the cyclic performance was studied in the To understand the stability of the material, the cyclic performance was studied in voltage range of 1.5–4.3 V at the current rate of 0.5 C with 2 formation cycles at 0.1 C. The the voltage range of 1.5–4.3 V at the current rate of 0.5 C with 2 formation cycles at cyclic performance of the materials is shown in Figure 7e. After the formation cycles, the 0.1 C. The cyclic performance of the materials is shown in Figure 7e. After the formation −1 −1 cbyacrlesN, tFhMe bmaraeteNriFaMl dmelaivterieadl dtheleivseprecdiftichedsispcehcaifirgcedcisacphaacritgye ocaf p1a1c0itmy Aof h11g0 maAt 0h.5g C, ◦ ahto0w.5evCer,,htohweesvperc,iftihcedsipscehciafirgcedcisacphacrigtyeocafpthaeciNtyFoMftmheatNerFiMalfmadaetedridarlafsatdiceadlldyrtaost2i4camllyA −1 −1 tho g24 mfoAr 4h0 gcyclefso.rI4t 0wcayscplerse.vIiot uwsalys prerpevorioteudsltyharet pthoertseoddtihuamt tlhayeesroedi-uomxidlaeyceartehdo-doexsidoef- ctaetnhoudnedseorgftoensiudnedreragcotisoindse wreiathctiaonlisqwuiidthealelciqtruoildyteleacntdrolhyatveeanpdoohravsterupcotourasltrsutcatbuirliatly ++ satabboivliety4.a0bVov,ew4h.0icVh,swighnicifhicsaingntliyficreadntulcyersedNuaceisoNnatrainosnptorratndsuporirntgducyricnligngcy[c5l0in,5g1[]5.0A,5ft1e]r. Athftefrotrhmeafotiromnactyicolnesc,ytchles,ptehceifsicpdecisifichcadrigsechcaprgaecictiaepsaocfitNieFsMof/CN-F1,MN/FCM-1/C,N-2F,Man/dCN-2F,Man/Cd- −1 N3FwMe/reC1-314w, 1e1re3,1a1n4d, 1132,manAdh1g12,mreAsphecgtive,lyr.eAspte1c0ti0vceylyc.lesA,tth1e00spceyccilfeics,dtihscehsaprgeceificac- −1 −1 dpiaschitaiergseocfaNpFaMcit/iCes-1o,fNFM//CC-2-1,,aNndFMN/FCM-/2C,-a3ndwNerFeM47/,C7-53,awnedre6487m,7A5,hangd,6r8emspAechtivgely,. −1 rAesfpterct1i0v0elcyy. cAleftseart10.05cCyc,ltehseaNt 0F.M5 C/C,-t1h,eNFFM//CC-2-,1a, nNdFMNF/MC-/2C,-a3nmdaNteFrMia/lsCh-3admcaatperaicailtsy had capacity retentions of 41.22, 66.79, and 60.59%, respectively. The NFM/C composite retentions of 41.22, 66.79, and 60.59%, respectively. The NFM/C composite materials pro- materials provide better cyclic performance than NFM material; it is evident that the vide better cyclic performance than NFM material; it is evident that the carbon composites carbon composites increased the structural stability and reduced the degradation of the increased the structural stability and reduced the degradation of the host material. The host material. The rate capability was investigated at different current rates, as shown rate capability was investigated at different current rates, as shown in Figure 7f. Different in Figure 7f. Different current rates (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 C) were applied to the current rates (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 C) were applied to the as-synthesized materials. as-synthesized materials. For the NFM material, the capacity was close to zero at the current For the NFM material, the capacity was close to zero at the current rate of 5 C; it regained rate of 5 C; it regained its ca−1pacity to 104 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C, whic−h1 faded to 74 mA h g−1 itscapacityto104mAhg at0.1C,whichfadedto74mAhg afterafewcycles.The after a few cycles. The NFM/C composite materials exhibited better rate performance NFM/C composite materials exhibited better rate performance than the bare NFM. than the bare NFM. Among the composite materials, the NFM/C-2 material also provided Among the composite materials, the NFM/C-2 material also provided better rate perfor- better rate performance. Even at a higher current rate of 5 C, it delivered the capacity of mance. Even at a higher current rate of 5 C, it delivered the capacity of 40 mA h g−1; im- 40 mA h g−1; importantly, it has good reversibility at different current rates. portantly, it has good reversibility at different current rates.PDF Image | NaFe0 Nanocomposite as a Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries
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