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materials Review Polymer Electrode Materials for Sodium-ion Batteries Qinglan Zhao 1 , Andrew K. Whittaker 2 and X. S. Zhao 1,* 1 2 * Correspondence: george.zhao@uq.edu.au Received: 25 November 2018; Accepted: 12 December 2018; Published: 17 December 2018 School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; qinglanangela.zhao@uq.edu.au Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; a.whittaker@uq.edu.au Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries are promising alternative electrochemical energy storage devices due to the abundance of sodium resources. One of the challenges currently hindering the development of the sodium-ion battery technology is the lack of electrode materials suitable for reversibly storing/releasing sodium ions for a sufficiently long lifetime. Redox-active polymers provide opportunities for developing advanced electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries because of their structural diversity and flexibility, surface functionalities and tenability, and low cost. This review provides a short yet concise summary of recent developments in polymer electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Challenges facing polymer electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries are identified and analyzed. Strategies for improving polymer electrochemical performance are discussed. Future research perspectives in this important field are projected. Keywords: polymer; organic electrode material; sodium-ion battery 1. Introduction 1.1. The Importance of Energy Storage The ever growing and increasing demand for energy and the related environmental issues have become two major challenges to human society in the 21st century [1]. In order to address these challenges, worldwide effort has been invested into making full use of renewable and sustainable energy resources, such as wind and solar energy. However, these energy resources are intermittent and supply is not predictable, thus requiring systems to store the energy collected [2]. With the massive growth of renewable energy sources, energy storage is becoming more and more important and indispensable to the development of renewable energy. 1.2. Sodium-Ion Batteries Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) currently dominate the energy storage market [3]. However, lithium resources are geographically limited [4], and the relative abundance in the Earth’s crust is only 20–65 ppm [5]. The increasingly growing demand for lithium will ultimately lead to dramatically increased prices, potentially making lithium the “new gold” [6]. Thus, it is urgent to develop alternative battery technologies to move away from lithium [7]. Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) are considered the most promising alternative to LIBs due to the lower cost of the metal resource [8,9]. NIBs were initially investigated together with LIBs from the 1970s to the 1980s [10–12]. After this initial activity, development of NIBs stalled in the 1990s due to the commercial success of LIBs with carbonaceous material as the anode and lithium cobalt oxide as Materials 2018, 11, 2567; doi:10.3390/ma11122567 www.mdpi.com/journal/materialsPDF Image | Polymer Electrode Materials for Sodium-ion Batteries
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