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Batteries 2022, 8, 157 Batteries 2022, 8, 157 9 of 26 Liquid Electrolytes 1 M NaPF6 in diglyme / NaFSI/DME (1:2 v/v) 0.5 M NaBF4/G2 Number@Current Density References (mAh g−1)@Current Density (C)) [81] 1 M NaPF6 in diglyme / 200@0.2 3000@0.5 1000h@0.2 1000@0.2 99.9%@300@0.5 1 M NaBF4/TEGDME 99.9%@1000@0.5 99.9%@850@0.5 P2-Na2/3Co1/3Mn2/3O2@163@0.1 [83] 1 M NaPF /TEGDME 6 P2-Na Co Mn O @172@0.1 [83] NaFSI/DME (1:2 v/v) 1 M NaFSI/FEC 97.7%@250@0.2 2/3 1/391%2/3 2 [81] 0.1 M NaBPh4/DME 0.5 M NaBF4/G2 94%@100@0.28 99.85%@300@0.5 / [70] 100 cycles 1 M NaClO4/EC/PC + 5 wt% FEC 1 M NaPF /DME/FEC/HFPM 88%@50@1 / [84] P2-Na2/3Co1/3Mn2/3O2@163@0.1 [83] 1 M NaBF4/6TEGDME (2:2:1 v/v) 99.9%@1000@0.5 1 M NaPF6/TEGDME 99.9%@850@0.5 1 M NaPF6 in diglyme + 0.033 M Na2S6 99%@500@0.5 S@621@1 [76] mechanism illustration of a typical SEI layer on the Na metal anode using HCE + 1% SbF3 electro- tion mechanism illustration of a typical SEI layer on the Na metal anode using HCE + 1% SbF3 lytes. Reproduced with permission from Reference [72] Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (b) Two-dimen- electrolytes. Reproduced with permission from Reference [72] Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (b) Two- sional free energy surface for the ion-pair distance and coordination number between Na and DME dimensional free energy surface for the ion-pair distance and coordination number between Na of NaBPh4/DME solution, reproduced with permission from Reference [80] Copyright 2019, and DME of NaBPh4/DME solution, reproduced with permission from Reference [80] Copyright Wiley−VCH. (c) Schematics of the typical mosaic SEI on the Na metal anode cycled in regular car- 2019, Wiley−VCH. (c) Schematics of the typical mosaic SEI on the Na metal anode cycled in regular bonate electrolyte and the in situ formed Na-Sn alloy layer plus a NaCl-rich SEI layer. Reproduced carbonate electrolyte and the in situ formed Na-Sn alloy layer plus a NaCl-rich SEI layer. Reproduced with permission from Reference [74] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. with permission from Reference [74] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. From the aforementioned discussion, we also summarized the important parameters, including electrolyte constituents, cycling stability, and full battery performance of liquid Table 1. Electrochemical properties of different liquid electrolytes in NMBs. electrolyte recently reported NMBs in Table 1. Symmetrical Cell (Cycle CE ([CE@Cycle Full Cell (Cathode@Capacity References Density (mA cm−2)) (mA cm−2)) 200@0.2 97.7%@250@0.2 100 cycles Na3V2(PO4)3@100@0.1 [82] 3000@0.5 1000h@0.2 1000@0.2 100@5.56 500@0.5 100@1 800@0.5 400@2 99.93%@400@0.5 S@776@0.1 [62] 99.93%@400@0.5 Na3V2(PO4)3@100@0.1 [82] 1 M1 MNaNTFaSFIS/IF/EFCEC+ 0.75% NaAsF 100@5.56 350@0.5 94%@971%00@@40.02@80.1 Na V (PO )/ @~102@1 [85] 6 3243 [70] 1 M NaClO4/EC/PC + 50 mM SnCl2 500@0.5 1200@0.5 1000@0.5 150@0.5 2700@1 800@0.5 / Na3V2(PO4)3@101@10 [74] / [80] 0.1 M NaBPh4/DME 500@0.5 100@1 99.85%@300@0.5 99%@20@1 88%@50@1 99.2%@100@0.2 99.5%@300@0.5 99%@2000@5 2 M NaFSI/DME/FEPE(1:1 molar 1 M NaClOra4t/iEo)C+/P1%C S+b5F3 Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 @105@10 [51] / [84] 1 M NaClO /EC/PC + 1% SbF wt%F4EC 3 0.8 M LiPF6/DME + 1 M NaPF6/DME / Na V (PO ) @80@40 [72] 32 43 1M LiFePO4@62.4@20 [34] / [66] 1 M NaOTf/DME + 0.01 M KTFSI Na3V2(PO4)3@89.1@0.5 [77] NaPF6/DME/FEC/HFPM 1 M NaClO4/EC/PC + 0.5 mM 500@0.5 99.4%@200@5 Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 /C@95.9@5 [86] (2:2:1Cv/v()NO ) 60 26 99%@2000@5 Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 @89.1@0.5 [77] P2-Na2/3Co1/3Mn2/3O2@172@0.1 [83] / [80] 9 of 25 Fiigurre3.. (a)Cyclliingpeerrffoorrmaannccee..VVolotlatgaegeprporfoilfielsesofotfhtehNe aN|a||N|VNPVbPatbteartytetreystedsteadt 2aCt 2afCtearfdteifr- ferent cycle numbers using HCE +1%SbF3, HCE, and blank electrolyte, the inset is the formation different cycle numbers using HCE +1%SbF3, HCE, and blank electrolyte, the inset is the forma- Performance (h)@Current Number@Current Table 1. Electrochemical properties of different liquid electro−ly1 tes in NMBs. Density (mA cm−2)) Symmetrical Cell (Cycle Density (mA cm−2)) CE ([CE@Cycle (mAh g )@Current Density (C)) Liquid Electrolytes Performance (h)@Current 91% 99.9%@300@0.5 S@776@0.1 [62] Full Cell (Cathode@CapacityPDF Image | Recent Development for Sodium Metal Batteries
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