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Batteries 2022, 8, 157 13 of 25 Batteries 2022, 8, 157 presented conductivities of 2.1 and 0.04 mS cm−1, respectively. The Nyquist plots of Na3PS4 and Na-β”-Al2O3 electrolyte for the fresh contact and after 12 h of contact in NMBs were also compared. They found that Na3PS4 presented an increased impedance after 12 h of contact. Compared with Na3PS4, Na-β”-Al2O3 exhibited almost no change over time, indicating that Na-β”-Al2O3 presented stability against the reaction with the Na metal an- ode. Considering the high interface resistance in the Na-β”-Al2O3 electrolyte, modification of this electrolyte to reduce the interfacial resistance became the direction of efforts. Wu et al. attempted to create an Na-β”-Al2O3 electrolyte for NMBs with the introduction of the coating layer, which was constituted by cotton-cloth-derived disordered carbon tubes (DCTs) [111]. The corresponding solid-state electrolyte was denoted as BASE-CNT. They found that Na-β”-Al2O3 electrolyte presented a great decrease in interfacial resistance from 750 Ω to 150 Ω cm−2 after DCT modification. Therefore, the modified Na-β”-Al2O3 electrolyte exhibited stable Na stripping–plating profiles of 400 cycles at 0.1 mA cm2 with a small hysteresis of 100 mV. Deng et al. developed yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) to enhance the Na-β”-Al2O3 electrolyte for NMBs and found that the YSZ introduction on the surface of the Na-β”-Al2O3 electrolyte could extremely reduce the interface impedance of 3.6 Ω cm−2 at 80 ◦C and presented a high critical current density of 7.0 mA cm−2 [112]. From the surface and cross-section SEM images of the YSZ-Na-β”-Al2O3, it was found that YSZ particles (white) were homogeneously distributed in Na-β”-Al2O3. Figure 5a showed a Swagelok-type battery schematic to investigate the interfacial stability of YSZ-Na-β”- Al2O3 solid-state electrolyte in a symmetric battery. From the EIS profiles in Figure 5b, the YSZ-Na-β”-Al2O3/Na interfacial areal specific resistance was 18.8 Ω cm2 at RT and 3.6 Ω cm2 at 80 ◦C after removing the contributions from the bulk and grain boundary. Due to the low interfacial areal specific resistance, Na||Na symmetric battery with YSZ-Na-β”-Al2O3 solid-state electrolyte presented a small cell voltage (<50 mV) even at a high areal capacity of 2.5 mAh cm−2 (Figure 5c). From the SEM images of the YSZ-Na-β”-Al2O3 solid-state electrolyte cycling at different times at 80 ◦C in Figure 5d–g, intimate contact between the electrolyte and Na metal anode still could be observed, which contributed to the Na-ion transfer from the electrolyte to the Na metal anode. Chi et al. also developed a solid-state electrolyte of β”-Al2O3 with a nano Sn interlayer, denoted as Sn-BASE, and used an organic quinone-based compound (pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone, PTO) as the cathode for NMBs [113]. They found that this Sn-BASE-PTO electrolyte allowed the Na||Na symmetric battery presenting a high stability of 1000 h at 0.5 mA cm−2. In addition, after Sn thin film intro- duction, the interfacial resistance between the Na metal anode and the electrolyte could be reduced to 26.7 Ω cm−2. Furthermore, they suggested that the mechanically compliant PTO-based composite would form an interpenetrating ionic and electronic pathway, which contributed to overcoming the cathode–electrolyte interfacial barrier. 15 of 26 Figure 5. Cont.PDF Image | Recent Development for Sodium Metal Batteries
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