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Chapter 4 Sodium-Based Battery Technologies Figure 5. An NAS battery installation in the Campania region of Italy is used to facilitate renewable energy transmission. Images courtesy of NGK Insulators, Ltd. (https://www.ngk- insulators.com/en/product/nas/) These are only a few examples of how NaS systems can enable grid-scale storage applications. As demand for these storage capabilities grows and research and development helps lower battery costs, increased deployment may be anticipated. 3.2. Sodium-Nickel Chloride Battery Deployments FZSoNick continues to deploy their current, modular systems for a number of large-scale storage applications, with batteries suitable for frequency regulation, load shifting, peak shaving, backup power, and renewables integration [2]. They categorize their technology space into energy backup (48V-110V modules), mobile applications (vehicles) (300V-700V modules), and energy storage (48V and 620V modules). The vehicle applications are not a focus of this Handbook, but it is worth noting that these systems are sufficiently safe and have adequate energy density for select vehicle applications. Figure 6. Images of 48V and 620V FZSoNick battery modules and their scalable integration into deployable containers. Reprinted with permission of FZSoNick. FZSoNick has used Na-NiCl2 systems to provide backup power for telecommunications, public transportation, and remote site applications. At present, FZSoNick has deployed roughly 100 MWh of energy storage with approximately 2 MAh of backup storage capacity, most heavily focused around telecommunications backup. They have deployed more than 14 MWh of additional storage for use in “Energy Storage Systems” that enable renewables integration, microgrid applications, and grid services (e.g., grid balancing, voltage regulation) [2]. The backup energy market is where these batteries have found their most significant application as a large-scale system, with applications in North America, South America, Europe, and to a 9PDF Image | SODIUM-BASED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES CH 4
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