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There have been several reports proposing to develop molten sodium batteries that use aqueous or organic catholytes to access lower temperature applications. While these systems may provide some important academic insights into battery performance, the potentially violent reactivity of the molten sodium with these materials in the event of separator failure makes them less likely candidates for commercial development. Still, if this issue can be mitigated, these may also be viable technologies in the future. Summary and Conclusions Large-format, grid-scale sodium-based batteries can take a number of forms, using both molten sodium chemistries and varied sodium-ion chemistries. Although Na-ion chemistries are rapidly becoming increasingly commercially relevant, current mature technologies include molten sodium-sulfur (NaS) and molten sodium-nickel chloride (Na-NiCl2). Both systems use domestically abundant sodium metal anodes, ceramic ion conducting separators, and electrochemically active molten (or molten suspension) cathodes. Each of these chemistries operate at elevated temperatures, near 300°C, which requires select battery material candidates and system designs that result in relatively high cost. These batteries are, however, expected to provide rapid response times, hours-long discharge durations, deep cycle discharge, and long cycle lives over decades of low-maintenance use. These attributes have enabled two established primary battery manufacturers, NGK Insulators and FZSoNick, to deploy hundreds of MWhs of NaS and Na-NiCl2 battery storage, respectively, around the world. Suitable for load shifting, peak shaving, frequency regulation, renewables integration, voltage control, and backup power, these batteries have enabled a wide range of industrial, commercial, and residential energy storage projects. Continued growth in demand and emerging innovations in both molten sodium and sodium-ion battery technologies promise new opportunities for sodium batteries to advance global energy storage. Erik D. Spoerke (Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, BS 1998, PhD 2003) is the Energy Storage Materials Thrust Lead in Sandia’s Grid Energy Storage Program, a Principal R&D Materials Scientist in the Electronic, Optical, and Nano Materials Department at Sandia National Laboratories, and a Research Associate Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the University of New Mexico. Dr. Spoerke’s widely published and patented research spans a diverse materials portfolio, with an emphasis on combining elements of chemistry, materials science and biology to innovate materials solutions ranging from novel electrochemical materials to synthetic biological analogs and supramolecular thin film composites. He is passionate about energy storage technologies, and over the past 10 years, he has explored a broad range of varied battery technologies ranging from lithium ion and bio-inspired systems to his current emphasis on a new generation of sodium-based batteries. Chapter 4 Sodium-Based Battery Technologies 11PDF Image | SODIUM-BASED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES CH 4
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