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Batteries 2018, 4, 8 6 of 10 The potential profiles during discharge and charge for the 3rd cycle at each C rate are reported in Figure 5b,c, respectively. The plateaus in the potential profiles correspond well with the current peaks observed via cyclic voltammetry in Figure 4. SC-NMO and SS-NMO were also cycled at 1 C for 200 cycles (Figure 5e) and selected potential profiles of SC-NMO upon cycling are shown in Figure 5f. After 100 cycles, 2 cycles at C/10 were performed to evaluate material degradation. As can be clearly seen in Figure 5e, the capacity of the SC-NMO material is always higher than the one of the SS. After 200 cycles the discharge capacity of SC-NMO is 73.8 mA h g−1 with a coulombic efficiency of 99.72% and a capacity retention of 75.7%. Interestingly, the SC-NMO capacity is completely retained (around 108 mA h g−1) when current is changed to C/10 after the long-term cycling at 1 C. This suggests that the fading performance during long-term cycling is correlated with the composite electrode degradation rather than the irreversible structural degradation of the active material. Figure 5. (a) Comparison of the C rate tests performed on the SS-NMO-based electrode [29] and the SC-NMO-based electrode presented in this work: the tested C rates are: C/10, C/5, C/2, 1 C, 2 C, 5 C; (b,c) show the potential profiles of SC-NMO, respectively, during the 3rd discharge and charge cycle at each C rate; (d) “Potential vs. x Na in NaxMnO2” graph reported for the 1st and 2nd cycles at C/10. The arrows show if the material is increasing or decreasing its sodium content while cycling; (e) 1 C long-term cycling comparison between SC-NMO-based electrode (200 cycles) and SS-NMO-based electrode (150 cycles—reported in our previous work [29]); (f) selected potential profiles of SC-NMO upon cycling (panel e).PDF Image | Sodium-Ion Batteries Obtained through Urea Based
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