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Review Article Chem Soc Rev Fig. 20 (a) Crystal structures of cubic Na1.4MnFe[CN]6 (upper) and the alkali-ion displacement along a [111] resulting in rhombohedral symmetry of Na1.72MnFe[CN]6 (lower) and (b) charge/discharge curves of a Na1.4MnFe[CN]6/Na half-cell at various current densities (follow the arrow by order of 0.1, 0.85, 3.5, 8.5, 17, 26, and 40C, 120 mA g1 at 1C). (Reproduced from ref. 229 with permission, Copyright 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.) (c) Electrochemical redox reaction mechanism of Na+ ions with Na2C8H2O6/Na4C8H2O6 at potentials of 2.3 V and (d) the resulting initial discharge/ charge profiles of Na4C8H2O6/Na half cells at a rate of C/10 (19 mA g1). (Reproduced from ref. 236 with permission, Copyright 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.) View Article Online as the cathode material for room temperature SIBs (Fig. 20c).236 They demonstrated that two reversible Na+ ion electrochemical reactions occurred with redox couples of Na2C8H2O6/Na4C8H2O6 as the cathode at 2.3 V, with a capacity of 180 mA h g1 and excellent cyclability (Fig. 20d). Na2C6O6237 and aniline–nitroaniline copolymer238 also exhibited high rechargeable capacity over 170 mA h g1 with good cyclability. 3. Anode materials As mentioned in Section 2, several platforms of cathode materials have been introduced for SIBs.239 Simultaneously, as the cathode counterpart, the recent development of anodes for SIBs has been achieved by the use of selected carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides) and intermetallic and organic compounds, as anodes.240 Research on the above anode materials for SIBs has been developed in three main categories, based on the reaction mechanism during sodiation/ desodiation processes: (1) the insertion reaction, (2) the con- version reaction, and (3) the alloying reaction. Carbonaceous materials and titanium-based oxides have been introduced as insertion anode materials.241,242 Recent efforts expand the applications towards transition metal oxides (TMOs) or transi- tion metal sulfides (TMSs) that are driven by a conversion reaction.243 Also, Na–Me (Me = metal) alloying compounds of group 14 or 15 elements motivated by the alloying reaction are recommended as possible candidate materials with the help of an electro-conducting carbon matrix to improve their specific capacity and cyclability.244,245 Such conversion and alloying reaction materials are known to deliver high capacities but suffer from huge volume expansion of the host materials due to 3560 | Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017, 46, 3529--3614 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Open Access Article. Published on 28 March 2017. Downloaded on 7/1/2019 3:41:21 AM. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.PDF Image | Sodium-ion batteries present and future
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