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Chem Soc Rev Review Article Fig. 23 (a) HAADF image and the elemental mapping of N-CNF (left). Long term cycling performance of N-CNF at a current density of 5 A g1 (right). (Reproduced from ref. 282 with permission, Copyright 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.) (b) HR-TEM image and EDS elemental mapping of DC-S (left). Electrochemical performances of DC-S (right). (Reproduced with permission from ref. 288, Copyright 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry.) (c) The preparation process of NDCS derived from okara (left). High rate capability and long cycling stability of the NDCS at 4.5C for 2000 cycles (right). (Reproduced from ref. 296 with permission, Copyright 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.) View Article Online Biomass-derived disordered carbon materials have been widely investigated due to their low production cost and low energy consumption during the synthesis procedures.275,292–297 Wood carbon anodes were derived from natural woods via a simple carbonization process, which functions as a binder-free and current collector-free anode material.292 This material exhibited a high areal capacity of 13.6 mA h cm2 with a high mass loading of 55 mg cm2. A recent work, reported by Yang et al., showed a sustainable route using a biomass byproduct, okara, as a natural nitrogen fertilizer possessing high content N-doped carbon sheets.296 Okara was carbonized and exfoliated to expand between carbon sheets that led to a high specific surface area. This benefits facile intercalation and deintercalation of Na+ ions into the carbon structure upon cycling. This unique structure and large surface area were responsible for the high capacity of approximately 292.2 mA h g1 with stable cycling performances for over 2000 cycles (Fig. 23c). From the green and recycle points of view, using biomass (bio-waste) is of great significance for the future direction of material development. Such works present that carbonaceous materials exhibit promising Na+ ion storage performances as anodes for SIBs. Notwithstanding, the initial irreversible capacity, limited capa- city, poor rate capability, and low mass loading should be resolved for cell balancing for practical battery applications. Herein, we have mentioned few relevant ones and suggest the possible propositions as follows. The irreversible capacity upon the initial cycle is the most critical issue as it severely hindered the practical cell energy density achievable. Attaining an attrac- tive rate capability is another important factor for a practical energy storage system. In addition, tap density is also a crucial parameter determining the volumetric energy density of the cells. The appropriate low pore volumes and surface areas were required for higher reversible capacities. Using suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders is also an effective approach Thisjournalis©TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2017 Chem.Soc.Rev.,2017,46,3529--3614 | 3565 Open Access Article. Published on 28 March 2017. Downloaded on 7/1/2019 3:41:21 AM. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.PDF Image | Sodium-ion batteries present and future
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