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Review Article Chem Soc Rev Fig. 31 (a) Schematic diagram of the evolution process of the as-prepared CoS2–MWCNT and bare CoS2 electrodes before and after the first discharge to 1.0 V (left). And, ex situ TEM images of sodiated CoS2–MWCNT and bare CoS2 particles (right). (b) CoS2–MWCNT electrodes at a current density of 100 mA g1 in 1.0 M NaCF3SO3–DGM and 1.0 M NaClO4–EC/PC. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 407, Copyright 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry.) (c) Cycling performance of Co3S4, PANI, Co3S4@PANI electrodes. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 410, Copyright 2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry.) (d) Charge and discharge curves of the as-prepared FG-MoS2, CG-MoS2, and B-MoS2 at the first cycle. (Reproduced from ref. 413 with permission, Copyright 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.) (e) Galvanostatic charge–discharge profiles of MG-3 and SEM and TEM images of MG-3 (inset image). (Reproduced from ref. 419 with permission, Copyright 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.) View Article Online only the intercalation reaction by simultaneously selecting a compatible ether-based electrolyte and tuning the cut-off voltage to 0.8 V. The intercalation reaction mechanism between Na+ ions and FeS2 within the operation voltage range of 0.8–3.0 V is as follows: FeS2 + xNa+ + xe - NaxFeS2 (x o 2),429 The resulting exhibited high capacity of 170 mA h g1 at a high current density of 20 A g1 and superior long term cyclability over 20 000 cycles (capacity retention of B90%) (Fig. 32b). Based on the ex situ XRD and TEM measurements, they also observed the structural evolution of FeS2 during the electrochemical reaction with Na+ ions (Fig. 32c). The XRD patterns collected at the charge- end state after the 50th cycle (VIII) indicates the formation of a layered compound of trigonal NaxFeS2 with x around 1.6. Also, the layered structures of FeS2 could be maintained within the selected potential window of 0.8–3.0 V, enabling the highly reversible intercalation reaction. On the other hand, Walter et al. applied nanocrystalline FeS2 materials within the operation voltage range of 0.02–2.5 V. The conversion reaction mechanism between Na+ ions and FeS2 is as follows: FeS2 + 2Na+ + 2e - Na2FeS2, Na2FeS2 + 2Na+ + 2e - 2Na2S + Fe.430 Upon sodiation 3576 | Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017, 46, 3529--3614 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Open Access Article. Published on 28 March 2017. Downloaded on 7/1/2019 3:41:21 AM. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.PDF Image | Sodium-ion batteries present and future
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