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Batteries 2022, 8, 108 14 of 16 60 ◦C compared with that at 25 ◦C. HC also shows higher long-term cycling stability at 40 ◦C than at 25 ◦C with an extra 100 mA h g−1 capacity. Impedance spectroscopy shows the temperature to affect HC desodiation kinetics, electrolyte resistance and sodium ion diffusion coefficient. Overall, this electrolyte, 1 mol dm−3 NaClO4 in 1:1 EC and DEC, shows a stable working temperature range from 25 to 50 ◦C. Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https:// www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/batteries8090108/s1, Figure S1 Aqueous KCl solution conductivity as function of reciprocal of resistance; Table S1 Resistance and conductivity of 1 mol dm−3 NaClO4 in 1:1 EC/DEC electrolyte at various temperatures; Figure S2 Photograph of 1 mol dm−3 NaClO4 in 1:1 EC/DEC after standing overnight around 20 ◦C; Figure S3 Reduction specific capacity of HC at temperatures from 10 to 30 ◦C between 0.001 and 2 V (vs. Na+/Na) at 100 mA g−1 in sodium half-cells; Figure S4 Oxidation specific capacity of HC at temperatures from 10 to 30 ◦C between 0.001 and 2 V (vs. Na+/Na) at 100 mA g−1 in sodium half-cells; Figure S5 Coulombic efficiency of HC at temperatures from 10 to 30 ◦C cycled between 0.001 and 2 V (vs. Na+/Na) at 100 mA g−1 in sodium half-cells; Figure S6 Reduction specific capacity of HC at temperatures from 40 to 80 ◦C between 0.001 and 2 V (vs. Na+/Na) at 100 mA g−1 in sodium half-cells; Figure S7 Oxidation specific capacity of HC at temperatures from 40 to 80 ◦C between 0.001 and 2 V (vs. Na+/Na) at 100 mA g−1 in sodium half-cells; Figure S8 Coulombic efficiency of HC at temperatures from 40 to 80 ◦C cycled between 0.001 and 2 V (vs. Na+/Na) at 100 mA g−1 in sodium half-cells; Figure S9 Separators (12 mm discs) after 20 cycles at 25 ◦C (left) and 60 ◦C (right); Figure S10 Voltage-capacity plots of galvanostatic cycling data at 100 mA g−1 current for HC at the 1st, 2nd, 5th, 10th and 20th cycle at 40 ◦C; Figure S11 CV profile of the 5th cycle of HC at temperatures from 15 to 70 ◦C at 1 mV s−1 scan rate between 3 and 0.01 V vs. Na+/Na; Figure S12 CV profile of the 10th cycle of HC at temperatures from 15 to 70 ◦C at 1 mV s−1 scan rate between 3 and 0.01 V vs. Na+/Na; Figure S13 The relationship between Zre and ω −1/2 at low frequency with freshly prepared cells at 10, 25, 40 and 80 ◦C; Figure S14 The relationship between Zre and ω −1/2 at low frequency with cycled 19 times cells at 10, 25, 40 and 80 ◦C; Figure S15 Na ion diffusion coefficients after 19 cycles at temperatures from 10 to 80 ◦C; Figure S16 Dependence of the natural logarithm of the Na+ diffusion coefficient on reciprocal temperature; Figure S17 Rate capability of HC reduction capacity at different current densities and at temperatures of 25, 40 and 60 ◦C; Figure S18 Nyquist plots of HC electrode after different numbers of cycles at 25 ◦C long-term cycling; Figure S19 Voltage-capacity plots of galvanostatic cycling data at 100 mA g−1 current for HC at the 1st, 20th, 50th, 100th and 200th cycle at 25 ◦C; Figure S20 Voltage-capacity plots of galvanostatic cycling data at 100 mA g−1 current for HC at the 1st, 20th, 50th, 100th and 200th cycle at 40 ◦C. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, B.L., A.L.H. and R.G.A.W.; methodology, B.L. and W.O.R.; manuscript writing, B.L.; review and editing, B.L., A.L.H., R.G.A.W. and W.O.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: The authors thank EPSRC for funding the Smartlab diffractometer under EP/K00509x/1 and EP/K009877/1. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The raw data associated with figures in this manuscript and in the supple- mentary file can be found at https://doi.org/10.5258/SOTON/D2327 (accessed on 8 August 2022). Acknowledgments: Thanks to John R Owen, University of Southampton, for kindly providing advice with EIS fitting. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.PDF Image | Temperature Dependence of Hard Carbon Sodium Half-Cells
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