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Condens. Matter 2018, 3, 27 3 of 8 Condens. Matter 2018, 3, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 8 positions of the sample with respect to the incident X-rays mapping the lithium was measured by changing the vertical and horizontal positions of the sample with respect to the reaction distribution. incident X-rays mapping the lithium reaction distribution. The Compton scattered energy spectra obtained were transformed to S-parameters. The Compton scattered energy spectra obtained were transformed to S-parameters. The S-parameter digitalizes the line-shape of a Compton scattered energy spectrum. As mentioned TheSa-bpoavrea,mthetelirned-isghiatpaleizoefstthheeClionmep-sthonapsecaottfeareCdoemneprgtoynspsceactrtuermedcheannegregsytshproeucgtrhumthe.Aelsemeenntst,ioned abovbee,ctahueseltihne-CsohmapetonofprtohfeileCroemflepctsotnheseclaetctterroendmeonmeerngtyumspdeecntrsuitymdicshtraibnugteiosntsh.TrohuegSh-pathraemeeltemrents, is directly linked to the lithium concentration in the positive and negative electrodes. Here, the because the Compton profile reflects the electron momentum density distributions. The S-parameter is lithium momentum density is distributed at low-momentum regions; thus, the high S-parameter directly linked to the lithium concentration in the positive and negative electrodes. Here, the lithium value corresponds to a high lithium concentration [12]. The S-parameter is defined through the momentum density is distributed at low-momentum regions; thus, the high S-parameter value corresponds to a high lithium concentration [12]. The S-parameter is defined through the following equations [3,4], following equations [3,4], SLSL SS== == zz H J(p )dp + J(p )dp 1 −1 −1 1 J pJ(dppz)dpz () 1−1 SSH− , (3) (3) J(p )dp + J(p )dp 55 zz zz zz −5−5 11 zz where SL and SH are the areas under the Compton profile covering the low-momentum and where SL and SH are the areas under the Compton profile covering the low-momentum and high-momentum regions; parameters of ±1 and ±5 are the ranges within the low-momentum and high-momentum regions; parameters of ±1 and ±5 are the ranges within the low-momentum and high-momentum regions, respectively. In this study, analyses of the lithium reaction distributions high-momentum regions, respectively. In this study, analyses of the lithium reaction distributions and lithium concentrations, dependent on the charge–discharge rate, were conducted through the and lithium concentrations, dependent on the charge–discharge rate, were conducted through S-parameters. the S-parameters. 3. Results and Discussion 3. Results and Discussion FiguFriegu1raes1haoswhoswthsethenetnirteireininteternrnaallstructureooffththeesasmamplpelceocinoicnellcethllrothugrohutghehSt-hpearSa-mpaetrearms.eters. In this figure, the region of vertical position z < −0.1 mm and z > 1.4 mm corresponds to the battery’s In this figure, the region of vertical position z < −0.1 mm and z > 1.4 mm corresponds to the battery’s outer stainless-steel case (SUS); the region around z = 0 mm corresponds to the spacer; the region outer stainless-steel case (SUS); the region around z = 0 mm corresponds to the spacer; the region 0.1 < z < 0.35 mm corresponds to the LiAl negative electrode; the region 0.4 < z < 0.55 mm 0.1 < z < 0.35 mm corresponds to the LiAl negative electrode; the region 0.4 < z < 0.55 mm corresponds corresponds to the separator, and 0.6 < z < 1.3 mm corresponds to the V2O5 positive electrode. to the separator, and 0.6 < z < 1.3 mm corresponds to the V2O5 positive electrode. To study the details To study the details of the lithium reaction, we measured the Compton scattered energy spectrum of the lithium reaction, we measured the Compton scattered energy spectrum precisely at the region of precisely at the region of 0 < z < 0.7 mm. Figure 1b shows the variation of the S-parameters in the 0 < z < 0.7 mm. Figure 1b shows the variation of the S-parameters in the full-discharged state (SOC0) full-discharged state (SOC0) and full-charged state (SOC100) when the battery is charged and and full-charged state (SOC100) when the battery is charged and discharged by 0.2C. By charging the discharged by 0.2C. By charging the battery, the S-parameters increase by about 1.7% at the negative batteerlye,ctrhoedeS;-poanrathmeeottehresrinhcarneda,stehebydaebcorueats1e.7b%y abtotuhte1n.8e%gaatitvtehelepcotsriotidve;eolencttrhoedeo.thMeorrehoavnedr,,they decrethaesesbepyaarabtourtp1o.8si%tioanttsheiftpsotsoiwtivaredeltehcetrpoodsei.tiMveoerleeocvtreord,ethdeirsecptiaornatboyrpcohasirtgiionngsthieftsbatottwerayr.dthe This means that the lattice volume of the negative electrode material expanded through the insertion positive electrode direction by charging the battery. This means that the lattice volume of the negative of lithium ions. From the above, the S-parameter allows us to study lithium reaction distributions in electrode material expanded through the insertion of lithium ions. From the above, the S-parameter Figure 1. Internal structure of the VL2020 coin cell observed by the S-parameters. (a) Components of the coin cell are distinguished by the value of S-parameters. (b) Change of S-parameters at positive and negative electrodes with the charge–discharge cycle displayed. The fully charged state (state of charge (SOC) 100) and fully discharged state (SOC0) are shown in red and blue circles, respectively. The background color shows the regions of the corresponding components of the coin cell. the coin cell. allows us to study lithium reaction distributions in the coin cell.PDF Image | Dependency of the Charge–Discharge Rate on Lithium Reaction Distributions
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