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Condens. Matter 2018, 3, 27 7 of 8 Table 2. Average values and deviations of the lithium composition for the 1C and 0.2C rates. Positive Electrode Negative Electrode 1C rate 0.2C rate 4. Conclusions Average Deviation Average Deviation SOC0 1.088 ± 0.028 0.210 1.040 ± 0.028 0.198 SOC100 0.738 ± 0.035 0.252 0.387 ± 0.032 0.158 SOC0 0.412 ± 0.005 0.151 0.184 ± 0.005 0.080 SOC100 0.566 ± 0.005 0.179 0.349 ± 0.005 0.070 We applied the Compton scattering imaging technique for a commercial lithium coin cell. The motivation of this study was to deduce the charge–discharge rate dependency of the lithium reaction distribution by directly monitoring lithium ions. This is directly linked with the safety and longevity of batteries. In this study, we observed the residual lithium ions at the center of negative electrodes in a fully discharged state at a relatively high-speed discharge rate; the inhomogeneous reaction was facilitated at a relatively high-speed charge–discharge rate, in both the negative and positive electrodes. Compton scattering imaging can also be applied to commercialized large-scale lithium-ion batteries and enable in situ and in operando measurements of the battery. Therefore, the results are directly linked to the development of battery products. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, K.S., Y.S., and H.S. with suggestions from H.Y., Y.O., and Y.U.; Compton Scattering Experiment and Data Analysis, K.S., R.K., N.T., Y.S., and H.S.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, K.S.; Writing-Review, all co-authors; Writing-Final Editing, K.S., N.T., Y.S., and H.S.; Funding Acquisition, K.S. and Y.S. Funding: This project was funded by [Japan Science and Technology Agency] and [MEXT KAKENHI] grant number [15K17873]. Acknowledgments: We thank M. Itou for technical support of the Compton scattering experiment. Compton scattering experiments were performed with the approval of JASRI [Proposal Nos. 2017A1123, 2017B1360 and 2018A1320]. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Taminato, S.; Yonemura, M.; Shiotani, S.; Kamiyama, T.; Torii, S.; Nagao, M.; Ishikawa, Y.; Mori, K.; Fukunaga, T.; Onodera, Y.; et al. Real-time observations of lithium battery reactions–Operando neutron diffraction analysis during practical operation. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 28843. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Itou, M.; Orikasa, Y.; Gogyo, Y.; Suzuki, K.; Sakurai, H.; Uchimoto, Y.; Sakurai, Y. Compton scattering imaging of a working battery using synchrotron high-energy X-rays. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 2015, 22, 161–164. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 3. Suzuki, K.; Barbiellini, B.; Orikasa, Y.; Kaprzyk, S.; Itou, M.; Yamamoto, K.; Wang, Y.J.; Hafiz, H.; Uchimoto, Y.; Bansil, A.; et al. Non-destructive measurement of in-operando lithium concentration in batteries via X-ray Compton scattering. J. Appl. Phys. 2016, 119, 025103. [CrossRef] 4. Suzuki, K.; Suzuki, A.; Ishikawa, T.; Itou, M.; Yamashige, H.; Orikasa, Y.; Uchimoto, Y.; Sakurai, Y.; Sakurai, H. In-operando quantitation of Li concentration for commercial Li-ion rechargeable battery using high-energy X-ray Compton scattering. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 2017, 24, 1006. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 5. Harding, H.; Harding, E. Compton scatter imaging: A tool for historical exploration. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2010, 68, 993–1005. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 6. Schülke, W. The theory of Compton scattering. In X-ray Compton Scattering, 1st ed.; Cooper, M.J., Mijnarends, P.E., Shiotani, N., Sakai, N., Bansil, A., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2004; pp. 22–81. ISBN 978-0-19-850168-8. 7. Barbiellini, B. A natural orbital method for the electron momentum distribution in mater. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2000, 61, 341–344. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Dependency of the Charge–Discharge Rate on Lithium Reaction Distributions
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