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Article High-Energy X-Ray Compton Scattering Imaging of 18650-Type Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Kosuke Suzuki 1,* , Ari-Pekka Honkanen 2 , Naruki Tsuji 3, Kirsi Jalkanen 4, Jari Koskinen 4, Hideyuki Morimoto 1, Daisuke Hiramoto 1, Ayumu Terasaka 1, Hasnain Hafiz 5,6, Yoshiharu Sakurai 3, Mika Kanninen 4, Simo Huotari 2, Arun Bansil 6, Hiroshi Sakurai 1 and Bernardo Barbiellini 6,7,† 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * Correspondence: kosuzuki@gunma-u.ac.jp; Tel.: +81-277-30-1714 † Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT University) is the main affiliation of Bernardo Barbiellini. Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan Akkurate Oy, Kaarikatu 8b, 20760 Kaarina, Finland Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Physics, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT University), FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland Received: 26 May 2019; Accepted: 9 July 2019; Published: 11 July 2019 Abstract: High-energy synchrotron X-ray Compton scattering imaging was applied to a commercial 18650-type cell, which is a cylindrical lithium-ion battery in wide current use. By measuring the Compton scattering X-ray energy spectrum non-destructively, the lithiation state in both fresh and aged cells was obtained from two different regions of the cell, one near the outer casing and the other near the center of the cell. Our technique has the advantage that it can reveal the lithiation state with a micron-scale spatial resolution even in large cells. The present method enables us to monitor the operation of large-scale cells and can thus accelerate the development of advanced lithium-ion batteries. Keywords: 18650 lithium-ion battery; lithiation state; Compton scattering; nondestructive measurements 1. Introduction Compton scattering imaging using high-energy synchrotron X-rays is a unique technique for characterizing the local lithiation state in a lithium-ion battery. A great advantage of this technique is that high-energy X-ray photons with energies over 100 keV can easily penetrate closed electrochemical cells. For example, for 100-keV X-rays, the absorption coefficient for stainless steel (0.3615 cm−1) is about two orders of magnitude smaller than that for 20 keV (24.68 cm−1)[1]. Therefore, non-destructive measurements become possible not only for test cells but also for commercially available lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, the Compton profile, J(pz), which is measured by this technique, can be related to the ground-state electron momentum density ρ(p) via the following double integral [2]: J(pz) = ρ(p)dpxdpy (1) where p = (px, py, pz) is the electron momentum, and the momentum density can be expressed as [3,4] 2 nj Ψj(r) exp( − ip · r)dr (2) ρ(p) = Condens. Matter 2019, 4, 66; doi:10.3390/condmat4030066 www.mdpi.com/journal/condensedmatter j PDF Image | High-Energy X-Ray Compton Scattering Imaging of 18650-Type Lithium-Ion Battery
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