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1.1 Rare earth oxides Figure 1.2: Applications of SmNiO3 - Schematic view of potential applications of SmNiO3 in the field of electronics, photonics, or fuel cells. Table 1.1: Bond lengths of RE-O bonds in rare earth oxides, given in nm. ∗ - trivalent monoxides, + - intermediate valent oxides. As presented in (23). REO RE2O3 REO2 0.257∗ 0.246 - 0.254∗ 0.252∗ 0.244 0.238 0.234 0.233 0.250∗ - 0.238 0.236 0.249+ 0.235 - 0.257 - 0.233 0.232 - - - 0.230 0.226 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb - - Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu - - - - 0.244 - 0.229 0.228 0.227 0.225 0.224 0.223 REO RE2O3 REO2 - - - - - - 1.1 Rare earth oxides Rare earth oxides form a series of compounds that somehow follow the properties of the constituent metals. The 15 metals which are considered rare earths all have full 6s2 shell and with increasing atomic number progressively occupied 4f shell. Most of them have a 5d0 configuration except from La, Ce, Gd and Lu whose configuration is 5d1. The valence of the metals ranges from 2+ to 4+ in oxides, mostly being 3+ as is it the most stable. Some stand out of the series as trivalent monoxides - LaO, CeO and PrO. The long-lasting discussions have reveled that SmO does not exist in normal conditions as it would not be thermodynamically stable (30, 70). At normal conditions the stable form is Sm2O3. SmO can be ob- tained only at high pressure, about 40-50 kbar, where it exists as an intermediate valent oxide (70). Along the series, together with gradual localization of 4f elec- trons there appears a lanthanide contraction which is mostly responsible for their properties(87). The electronic configuration, in particular the low-filling of outer d shell and 3PDF Image | Investigation of metal-insulator transition in magnetron sputtered samarium nickelate thin films
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