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3.1 Fabrication process The surface of the film just after deposition is macroscopically even, flat and reflecting. The exemplary surface of S-42An sample is presented in figure 3.4(left). The surface is ’colourful’, where different colours form waves on the sample sur- face. It is the microscopic differences in surface thickness that manifest in colour variations which will be discussed later. Annealing process enhances these visible irregularities. The process is also more damaging to the surface. Microscopic ob- servations indicate that the surfaces contain various species formed in the shapes of capillaries and bubbles as seen in figures 3.4(right) and 3.3. Some of the tubes seem to be located under the films surface and others are partially under and par- tially at the surface. The front and back of the tubes indicate they might be small capillaries - empty inside. The bubbles are made of spherical grains surrounded by the film’s matrix in the form of concentric spheres which may be a form of diffusion zone of the material. The structure of the film is modified around them which is demonstrated in the change of the film’s colour. These species may also be of different crystallographic phase, however, this was not to be confirmed by the used experimental techniques. Figure 3.3: Surface after annealing - Microscopic image of S-12AOw film after annealing. 65PDF Image | Investigation of metal-insulator transition in magnetron sputtered samarium nickelate thin films
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