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avoidable in situations where the battery has a square or circular cross section (and one neglects viscous damping). In such cases the instability seems to arise from a degeneracy between two transverse fluid oscillation modes. Indeed, a more recent work [8] showed that for a battery with rectangular cross section there is actually a dense set of such instability points, such the fluid is easily rendered unstable any time the aspect ratio is equal to m/n, where m and n are odd numbers. The instability is dampened when the fluid has a finite viscosity, but when this viscosity is not too large the threshold value of the magnetic field or current density that produces the instability retains a jagged dependence on the aspect ratio. What’s more, it turns out that this “metal pad instability” is not the only type of fluid instability that can appear in liquid metal batteries. In the second recommended paper, Kelley and Weier present a very nice overview of magnetohydrodynamic instabilities in liquid metal batteries, including the one considered by Zikonov. These additional instabilities include one arising from Marangoni flow – in which a gradient of temperature produces a gradient of surface tension, which can strongly drive fluid flow – and a Tayler instability – in which the intense magnetic pressure arising from a vertical current can destabilize the fluid and cause its flow to “kink”. (The latter has a significant research history in both plasma physics and astrophysics, see, e.g., [9] and the references therein.) For readers with even a passing interest in fluid mechanics, this paper constitutes an enjoyable overview of a wealth of different physical phenomena. It is unusual to find a research topic that makes connections to such a broad swath of physics concepts and subfields. More unusual still that the topic should have direct relevance for a problem as pressing as energy storage. Whether these factors will be enough to drive a renaissance of interest in liquid metals among condensed matter physicists remains to be seen. References [1] J. M. Ziman, “Review Lecture - Electrons in liquid metals and other disordered systems,” Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A318401–420 (1970). [2] M. Dickey, “Liquid metals at room temperature,” Physics Today 74, 4, 30 (2021). [3] N. Cabrera and N. F. Mott, “Theory of the oxidation of metals,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 12 163 (1949). [4] Minyung Song, Karen E. Daniels, Abolfazl Kiani, Sahar Rashid-Nadimi, and Michael D. Dickey, “Interfacial Tension Modulation of Liquid Metal via Electrochemical Oxidation,” Adv. Intell. Syst., 3: 2100024 (2021). [5] David Kramer, “Better ways to store energy are needed to attain Biden’s carbon-free grid,” Physics Today 74, 9, 20 (2021). [6] Gholam-Abbas Nazri and Gianfranci Pistoia, Eds., Lithium Batteries: Science and Tech- nology, NY: Springer (2003). 4PDF Image | Liquid metal batteries and their magnetohydrodynamic instabilities
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