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Executive Summary The last decade has opened rich new horizons in electrical energy storage, with compelling impacts on society. Personal electronics have transformed from a novelty to a necessity. New options for transportation are burgeoning. In energy storage science, emerging new approaches are illuminating the inner workings of energy storage at the atomic and molecular scales with extensions to the meso and macro levels. The stage is set — with ripe new directions for basic energy storage science and promising new opportunities for energy storage for the electricity grid, transportation, the internet of things, and national defense. Next generation electrical energy storage could be as transformational for energy applications as lithium-ion batteries were for personal electronics. This report examines the opportunities in basic energy storage science that will bring this vision for the future to fruition. Sea changes are in the offing, moving from intuitive speculation to confirmed scientific knowledge, from trial-and-error serendipity to science-based design, and from qualitative models to quantitative predictions. To navigate towards these changes, Priority Research Directions (PRDs) were formulated by 175 leading scientists and engineers during a Basic Research Needs Workshop on Next Generation Electrical Energy Storage held in Gaithersburg, Maryland, on March 27-29, 2017. This diverse community included experts in theory, simulation, characterization, electrochemistry, and synthesis of electrochemically active materials and chemistries. They uncovered a rich horizon of compelling directions that promise to link diverse electrochemical phenomena (such as solvation, mobility, reactivity, and degradation) in a single interactive framework. The PRDs focus on development of the scientific basis for new, transformational electrochemical energy storage concepts. Implementing these research opportunities will usher in a new era of deep understanding of basic energy storage science and enable predictive design of materials, architectures, and systems. These are the building blocks not only for rapid advances in energy storage science, but also for new storage technologies that will meet the needs of the future with high performance, longer lifetimes, and reliable, safe operation. NEXT GENERATION ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE UNDERSTANDING HOW BATTERIES WORK Computer modeling of ion movement in a membrane Atomic structure of a solid electrolyte Combined imaging techniques track chemical changes Neutron imaging of batteries in operation Electrochemical energy storage devices such as batteries store and release electricity on demand. As negatively charged electrons move out of the battery, positively charged ions must move inside the battery through multiple chemical and material interfaces. Critical battery components in this process include electrodes, electrolytes, and separation membranes. Powerful new computational, imaging, and characterization tools are enabling scientists to understand this complex coupling of electronic and ionic transport at an unprecedented level of detail across multiple length and time scales. Integration of this new knowledge will enable the scientific design of innovative, complex materials and architectures for next generation energy storage. Images courtesy of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (left) and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (right). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1PDF Image | Next Generation Electrical Energy Storage
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