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1 Introduction “A ten-times increase in the weight-oriented density of batteries would enable so many moonshots, if we can find a great idea. We just haven’t found one yet.” Astro Teller, Google X Advances in how we store electrical energy have the potential to transform nearly every aspect of society, from transportation to communication to electricity delivery and domestic security. Next generation energy storage systems will support the energy requirements for advanced technologies and strengthen critical infrastructure. This vision for the future can only be achieved through a new generation of low cost, high performance, reliable, and safe batteries and related methods for energy storage. This overarching impact on the nation’s infrastructure and society is also felt in our daily lives — not just the batteries in laptops and smartphones, but those in vehicles, home security systems, personal health devices, and a wide range of commercial products. Many would say that today’s batteries are not good enough — they do not last long enough, take too long to recharge, and can be unsafe. At the heart of these shortcomings lies our incomplete understanding of battery function and failure, and how batteries can be redesigned for transformative improvement. Batteries and related devices rely on electrochemical energy storage. Unlike digital electronics that depend on control of electrons moving through circuits, batteries require controlled migration of electrons, atoms, ions, and/or molecules through demanding, dynamic chemical environments. This migration can dramatically change the chemistry and structure of the battery materials and limit their performance over time. Achieving greater efficiency, reliability, and resiliency in energy storage technologies requires a new level of understanding and control of the dynamics that govern electrochemical phenomena. Science is poised to meet these challenges. Real-time nano- and meso-scale characterization of operating batteries will elucidate fundamental mechanisms of function and failure. Predictive computational simulations will move beyond discovery of new materials and chemistries to unlock innovative system-level capabilities. Further, holistic approaches to synthesis of materials, structures, and architectures will deliver new levels of electrochemical performance. The integration of this knowledge promises a revolution in processes, architectures, and designs for next generation electrochemical energy storage. This future requires continued growth in research capabilities, with this evolution informed by profound advances in understanding of electrochemical behavior and how to control it. These include design, computation, synthesis, and characterization — and their deliberate coordination — to empower the community to move rapidly from qualitative speculation to predictive simulation, from serendipitous trial and error to rational design, and from compartmentalized knowledge to integrated understanding. The PRDs outlined in this report, and summarized at the end of this chapter, lay the groundwork for a new era of basic energy storage science based on incisive in situ and operando experiments (see sidebar), comprehensive computational models of battery function and failure, and new multifunctional materials, architectures, and assemblies. These scientific directions build on rich opportunities in the synthesis of complex materials and architectures with designed functionality, characterization of materials as they perform and chemistries as they evolve, and predictive simulation to discover new materials and functionalities on the computer before they are made and tested in the laboratory. This is a new trajectory for electrochemical science, linking materials, chemistry, and functionality across multiple time and length scales to create new horizons of efficiency, performance, and cost. Basic energy storage science is poised for these transformational advances — the convergence of knowledge, techniques, and ideas outlined in this report provides unprecedented opportunities for next generation energy storage through an exciting, vibrant, and powerful scientific agenda. NEXT GENERATION ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE INTRODUCTION 3PDF Image | Next Generation Electrical Energy Storage
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