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REPORT OF THE BASIC RESEARCH NEEDS WORKSHOP a Outer Layer Bulk 2 μm Interface b Oxide Ni Co Mn Bulk Li(Ni0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1)O2 (high capacity) Concentration-gradient Outer Layer Li(Ni0.8-x Co0.1+y Mn0.1+z)O2 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.34 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.13 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.21 Interface 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 Bulk Surface Li(Ni0.46 Co0.23 Mn0.31)O2 (high thermal stability) 500 Interface Outer Layer 0 -6 -3 0 3 6 Distance (μm) Figure 2.1.3. Scanning electron microscopy image and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping of a secondary active material particle showing a concentration gradient from outside to inside. Schematic representation of the heterostructure. From Ref. 35. 2.1.2 RESEARCH THRUSTS Thrust 1a: Achieve Simultaneous High Power and High Energy While the nominal goal of energy storage is to hold energy, the function of energy storage devices is to capture, retain, and deliver energy from and to various components that supply and demand it. This threefold functionality places a primary focus on energy density, namely, how much energy can be stored per unit mass, volume, or area. On the other hand, the rate of capture or delivery of that energy is an issue of power per unit mass, volume, or area. The functionality of energy storage in an application specifies both the energy storage needed and the rate (power) at which it must be transferred to or from the storage device. Because both metrics for the storage function are important, comparing storage performance at both the fundamental (electrode-electrolyte combinations) and practical (full battery or cell) level is critical in the evaluation of new technologies. Typically, there is an inverse relationship between energy and power, with batteries providing the former and capacitors the latter. At a system level, both high energy and high power are needed, spurring efforts to develop high energy capacitors and high power batteries. The critical scientific question is whether and how storage configurations might be designed to achieve both simultaneously, based on a sufficiently enhanced understanding of the behavior of the relevant materials and structures. The inverse relationship between energy and power is often a consequence of slow ion diffusion in electrode materials: as faster charge or discharge is needed, ions cannot reach or escape from deeper locations in the electrode, so at higher powers less of the electrode material contributes to available energy; thus thinner active electrodes improve power capability at the expense of storage capacity and areal energy density. Ion flux can also be retarded by interphases that form at the electrode/electrolyte interface, posing a high impedance to ion transport. Transferring energy at high power also requires electron transport through the electrode materials—or 14 PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION – 1 Intensity (count)PDF Image | Next Generation Electrical Energy Storage
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