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REPORT OF THE BASIC RESEARCH NEEDS WORKSHOP mechanical properties), and the options available for their synthesis. Recent work has shown that the discovery and synthesis of solid materials with high ionic conductivity could enable advanced battery chemistries, e.g., use of a lithium metal anode for lithium-air and lithium-sulfur batteries.47 Advances in solid electrolytes and their interfaces and integration in solid-state battery architectures represent the major challenges for energy storage. Solid Electrolytes with High Ionic Conductivity: The use of solid electrolytes in conventional battery designs has historically been limited by the notoriously low ionic conductivities of the candidate solid materials. Solids with Li-ion conductivities sufficient for modern energy storage applications (~10-4 S/cm or greater at room temperature) have remained elusive. However, in recent years new solid electrolytes for batteries have been discovered, resulting in a handful of materials that achieve this conductivity threshold (Figure 2.1.4).48 This removes one of the most stubborn barriers to solid electrolyte technology, although numerous challenges remain. Promising solid electrolyte candidates are few, and no one material from this limited list exhibits all the traits needed for a viable battery. Incomplete coupling between experiment and theory limits rational materials design; thus, the discovery of new materials is largely based on trial-and-error and serendipity. The role of structure (both local and long range), disorder, and defects inside phases and at interfaces is directly relevant but incompletely linked to ionic conductivity. Failure mechanisms in these materials are not well understood, largely due to their novelty and difficulties associated with characterizing buried interfaces. Consequently, solid electrolytes present a critical scientific challenge for the transformative change that solid-state batteries could mean. 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 Figure 2.1.4. Total ionic conductivity and activation energies at room temperature for several prototype Li-ion conducting solid electrolytes. *Li10GeP2S12 is considered LISICON-like due to its chemical and structural similarity to LISICON. ‡Compounds whose conductivity has been extrapolated from higher temperatures to room temperature. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 48. Copyright (2016) American Chemical Society. An alternative to solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivity is very thin electrolyte layers.49 Thin solid electrolytes have the potential to enable all-solid-state batteries where the solid electrolyte is not the limiting factor in ion transport. Recent work has demonstrated the synthesis by atomic layer deposition of solid electrolytes that are 40-100 nm thick in solid-state batteries.49,50 This example of nanostructuring to increase conductance is analogous to nanostructuring to create extrinsic pseudocapacitance discussed above, in which sufficiently thin layers render ion diffusion times short enough not to be rate-limiting in battery performance. 16 PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION – 1 Ionic conductivity (S/cm)PDF Image | Next Generation Electrical Energy Storage
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