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2.4 PRD 4 — Revolutionize Energy Storage Performance through Innovative Assemblies of Matter Energy storage is central to many potentially groundbreaking applications in transportation, the electricity grid, national security, and communication. The performance and cost requirements for many of these game changing energy storage applications exceed the capability of today’s batteries in energy density, power density, rate of discharge, or lifetime. Achieving the full potential of energy storage requires the discovery of new chemistries, materials, structures, and architectures that will enable tailoring battery performance and cost to specific functionalities and use cases. Next generation energy storage will be based on a diversity of chemistries and architectures that allow the battery to be designed for the application, instead of requiring the application to be designed for the battery. The targeted functionality of the system should be of foremost importance, with the chemistry, materials, and architectures of the battery selected to enable the targeted functionality. This paradigm will allow for the deliberate design of energy storage systems utilizing emerging concepts and materials. Beyond new chemistries and materials, next generation batteries require discovery of new architectures. Tailoring the battery to the application requires combining diverse performance metrics in a single package, such as fast charging, high energy density, and long lifetime for transportation, or high capacity, long discharge, and low cost for the electricity grid. Novel architectures provide the enabling framework for simultaneously achieving diverse performance metrics. Three-dimensional architectures of small nanoparticles combine high energy density with high mobility for fast charging, for example, or cathode architectures integrating catalysts with reactants selectively promote targeted conversion reactions with low overpotential, high efficiency, and increased energy and power. 2.4.1 SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES The energy, power, and stability of electrochemical energy storage systems depend on factors and processes that are interlinked across multiple length scales. Such factors include the fundamental properties of active materials (ionic/electronic transport, specific capacity), the mesoscale arrangement, chemo-mechanical interactions between active materials, and the macroscale design and layout of the entire system. The active materials and their interfaces undergo dynamic phase transformations and volume changes during charge and discharge, which can alter local structures and influence ion/electron transport. The architecture of the system provides the framework that enables continuing functionality in the face of these dynamic changes. To meet the functional demands of a given application, the high-level architecture of an energy storage device plays as much a key role as the materials choices. In today’s systems, the multiscale structures of energy storage electrodes are mostly based on solid electrodes and liquid electrolytes. Liquid electrolyte-infiltrated films provide the ionic and electronic conductivity necessary for operation, but these electrode architectures have limited volumetric capacity and rate capability due to significant fractions of passive materials and long transport distances. Furthermore, the use of conventional slurry-coated electrode architectures for emerging high-capacity electrode materials, such as alloying anodes and conversion cathodes, often results in rapid capacity decay during cycling due to local loss of active material and unwanted side reactions, phase transformations, or irreversibility.1,2 The current architectural paradigm is reaching its capability limits for advanced energy storage; there is a clear need for different architectures in the design of new energy storage systems. NEXT GENERATION ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION – 4 55PDF Image | Next Generation Electrical Energy Storage
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