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necessary to understand fundamental energy storage mechanisms and dynamic (non-equilibrium) processes within electrochemical systems. As an example, it is critical to develop new methods to design and assemble tailored electrode and system architectures, which will enable improved understanding and control over ion transport kinetics throughout the entire system. Advances towards higher power/energy also require improved understanding of the various aspects that limit kinetics within cells, including structure-property relationships at interfaces, the nature of phase transformations in active materials, and ion/electron transport within complex electrode architectures. Fundamental research to tackle these pressing challenges will establish the scientific basis for the future development of energy storage systems with both high energy and power, as well as the ability to tailor energy/power combinations for a wide variety of applications. As detailed in the “Scientific Challenges and Opportunities” section below, understanding the physical and chemical mechanisms that lead to simultaneous high energy and power will provide rich opportunities for scientific discovery in the years to come. NEXT GENERATION ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE ELECTRODE ARCHITECTURES Electrode architectures for high energy and power. Novel electrode architectures are being investigated for electrical energy storage with higher energy and power. Examples include: Top: Interdigitated bicontinuous porous electrodes combined on a substrate to form a full lateral battery. Scale bars: 50 μm, inset: 1 μm. From J.H. Pikul et al., High-power lithium ion microbatteries from interdigitated three-dimensional bicontinuous nanoporous electrodes, Nat. Commun., 2013, 4, 1732. Middle: Magnetically-aligned LiCoO2 electrode with controlled porosity. Scale bar: 100 μm. From J.S. Sander et al., High- performance battery electrodes via magnetic templating, Nat. Energy, 2016, 1, 16099. Bottom: Secondary microscale particles containing primary nanoscale particles for mitigating volume changes and enabling long stability and relatively high power in high capacity anode materials. From N. Liu et al., Pomegranate- inspired nanoscale design for large-volume-change lithium battery anodes, Nat. Nanotechnol., 2014, 9, 187–192. NiSn on porous Ni LiMnO2 on porous Ni Anode Cathode Anode Cathode After cycling Stable morphology Thin SEI PANEL 1 REPORT 81PDF Image | Next Generation Electrical Energy Storage
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