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3.6 Panel 6 Report — Cross-cutting Themes The design of energy storage devices for tailored applications is a balancing act among competing performance metrics such as energy, power, lifetime, safety, and cost. This section summarizes the “cross-cutting” panel discussions regarding how to push the basic science frontiers forward and rapidly translate basic science to technology. 3.6.1 EMERGING METHODS IN MULTIMODAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ENERGY STORAGE WITH OPERANDO, IN SITU, AND EX SITU EXPERIMENTAL TOOLS Improving the performance and lifetime of electrochemical energy storage systems necessitates a significantly better understanding of the electrochemical processes that take place within the storage device and the failure and degradation mechanisms of the storage system. Characterization of atomic, nanoscale, and mesoscale phenomena—especially at interfaces during charge and discharge—is essential. The inherent complexity of energy storage systems requires multiple techniques, as they must embrace diverse length and time scales and span many phenomena. In addition, there is a need to couple in situ/operando with ex situ studies, as they have different levels of data fidelity and interrogation power. Similarly, it is important to explore model systems that are designed to distinguish behaviors and reveal correlations. The important outcome of this characterization is a rational design of improved electrical energy storage systems. Over the past decade, much progress has been made in using particle- and photon-based spectroscopy, scattering, and imaging techniques to characterize electrical energy storage systems.1-4 Probes Sensitive to Light Elements Reveal Interface/Interphase Chemistry and Dynamics: In the last ten years, significant advances have been made in characterization tools suitable for probing interfaces and dynamics of ion motion, with high temporal and spatial resolution. These tools include electron microscopy, neutron and X-ray scattering, and spectroscopy methods, each of which brings unique chemical specificity and sensitivity. Preliminary results and planned improvements demonstrate the type of data that can be derived from these experiments and anticipate new opportunities to derive fundamental insights and drive the predictive development of stable and resilient interfaces. One major opportunity involves the use of neutrons, which probe the low atomic number elements (e.g., Li, H, C, O, F) that dominate interface chemistry and ion transport. By virtue of their scattering cross section, neutrons are excellent probes for in situ characterization studies of interfaces through the use of neutron reflectometry and small angle neutron scattering, inelastic neutron spectroscopy and quasi elastic neutron scattering, and muon spin resonance. These probes, when combined with X-ray and electron characterization, provide important complementary physical and chemical insights. See sidebar on “Neutron Scattering.” In situ neutron reflectometry has revealed a complex dynamic surface chemistry of the solid-electrolyte interphase layer and is providing insights into interphase formation and dynamics.5-7 For example, in silicon and LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 electrode chemistries, a 3-nm Li-rich layer forms on the electrode surfaces when exposed to a battery electrolyte. This is far thicker than an electrochemical double layer and represents the initial stages of interphase nucleation: it directly influences Li transport and desolvation at the interphase during charging and cycling. This layer expands with lithiation (~20 nm) and becomes polymer-rich. Upon charge-discharge cycling, the layer reversibly thickens and thins while changing from polymer- to inorganic-rich in a process described as “breathing”. These foundational studies demonstrated the ability to determine interface structures, chemistries, and dynamics and should be extended to systems such as solid-solid and solid-polymer interactions. With advances in data collection time, kinetic measurements of diffusion and reaction processes become possible. These will enable experimentally validated structure and composition data to build theoretical models and simulations of interfacial phenomena. Other methods include the use of small angle neutron scattering, which can follow interphase formation within the pore structure of a hard carbon anode.8 In this study proton/deuterium NEXT GENERATION ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE PANEL 6 REPORT 145PDF Image | Next Generation Electrical Energy Storage
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