XAFS and XRD Study of a Prussian Blue Analogue Cathode Iron Hexacyanocobaltate

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XAFS and XRD Study of a Prussian Blue Analogue Cathode Iron Hexacyanocobaltate ( xafs-and-xrd-study-prussian-blue-analogue-cathode-iron-hexac )

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Condens. Matter 2018, 3, 36 10 of 13 the phase shift calculation. The experimental resolution used in the fitting analysis was around 1 eV, in agreement with the stated value for the beam line used. Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2410-3896/3/4/36/s1, Figure S1: Rietveld refinement on the 60th XRD pattern: (a) 8c position not refined and (b) refined. Note the fit improvement at (220) plane. Figure S2: Comparison between: (a) pristine state and first spectral component; (b) charged state and second spectral component; (c) discharged state and third spectral component. Figure S3: Pre-edge fitting analysis for the (a) 1th; (b) 30th; (c) 42nd; (d) 60th; (e) 70th spectra. Figure S4: Operando XAFS electrochemical profile (blue line) and concomitant 7119 eV peak area evolution (red scatter) are shown. Table S1: Correspondence between Miller planes and 2θ angles. Table S2: Correspondence between collected pattern number and extracted/inserted ion equivalents. Table S3: Correspondence between collected spectrum number and extracted/inserted ion equivalents. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.G.; methodology, M.G., L.S., G.A., and J.R.P.; data acquisition, G.A., J.R.P., A.M., L.S., and M.G.; data analysis, A.M., P.C., M.G.; writing—original draft preparation, A.M., M.G.; writing—review and editing, all co-authors.; supervision, M.G.; project administration, M.G.; funding acquisition, M.G. Funding: This research was funded by the Università di Bologna, RFO grant, while XAFS and XRD measurements at Sincrotrone Elettra were supported by the 20145337 and 20155185 projects, respectively (MG as PI). Acknowledgments: Marcus Fehse is gratefully acknowledged for technical help in cell preparation and XAFS data collection. Robert Dominko is gratefully thanked for the access to his laboratory at KI, Ljubljana (Slovenia). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Chu, S.; Majumdar, A. Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future. Nature 2012, 488, 294–303. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Goodenough, J.B.; Kim, Y. Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 587–603. [CrossRef] 3. Sun, H.; Wang, J.G.; Zhang, Y.; Hua, W.; Li, Y.; Liu, H. Ultrafast lithium energy storage enabled by interfacial construction of interlayer-expanded MoS2/N-doped carbon nanowires. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 13419–13427. [CrossRef] 4. Liu, H.; Wang, J.G.; Hua, W.; Wang, J.; Nan, D.; Wei, C. Scale-up production of high-tap-density carbon/MnOx/carbon nanotube microcomposites for Li-ion batteries with ultrahigh volumetric capacity. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 354, 220–227. [CrossRef] 5. Goodenough, J.B.; Manthiram, A. A perspective on electrical energy storage. MRS Commun. 2014, 4, 135–142. [CrossRef] 6. Goodenough, J.B. Electrochemical energy storage in a sustainable modern society. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 14–18. [CrossRef] 7. Wessells, C.D.; Peddada, S.V.; McDowell, M.T.; Huggins, R.A.; Cui, Y. The Effect of Insertion Species on Nanostructured Open Framework Hexacyanoferrate Battery Electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012, 159, A98–A103. [CrossRef] 8. Moritomo, Y.; Urase, S.; Shibata, T. Enhanced battery performance in manganese hexacyanoferrate by partial substitution. Electrochim. Acta 2016, 210, 963–969. [CrossRef] 9. Song, J.; Wang, L.; Lu, Y.; Liu, J.; Guo, B.; Xiao, P.; Lee, J.J.; Yang, X.Q.; Henkelman, G.; Goodenough, J.B. Removal of Interstitial H2O in Hexacyanometallates for a Superior Cathode of a Sodium-Ion Battery. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 2658–2664. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 10. Wessells, C.D.; Peddada, S.V.; Huggins, R.A.; Cui, Y. Nickel hexacyanoferrate nanoparticle electrodes for aqueous sodium and potassium ion batteries. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 5421–5425. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 11. Eftekhari, A. Potassium secondary cell based on Prussian blue cathode. J. Power Sources 2004, 126, 221–228. [CrossRef] 12. Liu, S.; Pan, G.L.; Li, G.R.; Gao, X.P. Copper hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles as cathode material for aqueous Al-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 959–962. [CrossRef] 13. Giorgetti, M.; Scavetta, E.; Berrettoni, M.; Tonelli, D. Nickel hexacyanoferrate membrane as a coated wire cation-selective electrode. Analyst 2001, 126, 2168–2171. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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