PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 006
Adder RCA CLA KSA32 delay (ns) 4.13 1.40 0.94 area (μm2) 1723 3453 3863 delay · area (ns · μm2) 7116 4834 3631 P (mW) 0.170 0.889 0.867 ECP A NA NA NA Adder delay (ns) area (μm2) RCA 4.78 44,058 CLA 2.63 47,097 GDA(1,4) 2.32 46,641 KSA32 1.86 48,801 delay · area (ns · μm2) 210,0597 123,865 108,207 P (mW) 7.19 12.1 13.8 Ef NA NA Table 1: Adder Comparison GDA(1,4) 1.18 3016 3558 0.950 1.90 × 10−5 KSA16 0.82 3491 2862 0.814 4.60 × 10−5 KSA8 0.72 2920 2102 0.715 2.26 × 10−2 Table 2: Hashing Core Comparison (Expander & Compressor Pipelines) for Different Adder Choices 7.27 × 10−3 90,769 17.33 NA KSA16 1.73 47,829 82,744 19.0 8.79 × 10−2 KSA8 1.58 46,299 73,152 20.4 1.00 sidering that while adders are on the critical path hashing core, their contribution to the overall area hashing core is small (Tables 1 and 2). This result indicates designers should always choose parallel prefix form adders to maximize profits. In particular, approximate adder designs should mimic parallel prefix adder trade-offs. Finally, many approximate designs are unsuitable for Bit- coin mining. KSA8, in fact, leads to a hashing core error rate of approximately 100% (Table 2). At such high error rates, mining profits are negative (i.e. revenue does not even offset electricity costs). Furthermore, many existing approx- imate computing techniques which focus on mitigating the magnitude of errors are not applicable in this scenario as a correct hash solution must be completely accurate to be useful to a miner. 6. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the potential for approximation to improve the profits of Bitcoin mining. Mining is a par- ticularly good candidate for approximation because hashes are computed independently and in parallel, mitigating the effect of errors, and a built-in verification system detects any false positives. Furthermore, we have identified adders as beneficial choices for approximation in hashing cores in a mining ASIC. However, not all approximate adders yield increases in profit. Profits are maximized by adders that minimize delay at the expense of area, and approximate adders should be chosen accordingly. Moreover, profits may be improved by operating the hashing cores at Better Than Worst-Case (BTWC) operating points, past their nominal frequencies. We have showed that a Kogge-Stone adder us- ing functional and operational approximation has the ability to raise profits by 30%. 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was partially supported by NSF and CFAR, within STARnet, a Semiconductor Research Corporation program sponsored by MARCO and DARPA. 8. REFERENCES [1] Cadence SoC Encounter User’s Manual. http://cadence.com/. of the of the [2] List of Bitcoin mining ASICs. https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/List of Bitcoin mining ASICs/. Accessed: November 24, 2015. [3] ModelSim-Altera User’s Manual. https://www.altera.com/. [4] Synopsys Design Compiler User’s Manual. http://synopsys.com/. [5] N. T. Courtois, M. Grajek, and R. Naik. The unreasonable fundamental incertitudes behind bitcoin mining. CoRR, abs/1310.7935, October 2013. [6] L. Dadda, M. Macchetti, and J. Owen. The design of a high speed ASIC unit for the hash function SHA-256 (384, 512). In Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition Designers’ Forum (DATE), February 2004. [7] D. Esposito, D. De Caro, E. Napoli, N. Petra, and A. Strollo. Variable latency speculative Han-Carlson adder. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 62(5):1353–1361, May 2015. [8] S. D. Lerner. Faster SHA-256 ASICs using carry reduced adders. https://bitslog.wordpress.com/2015/02/17/ faster- sha- 256- asics- using- carry- reduced- adders/. Accessed: March 26, 2016. [9] S.-L. Lu. Speeding up processing with approximation circuits. Computer, 37(3):67–73, Mar 2004. [10] H. Michail, G. Athanasiou, A. Kritikakou, C. Goutis, A. Gregoriades, and V. Papadopoulou. Ultra high speed SHA-256 hashing cryptographic module for ipsec hardware/software codesign. In Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Security and Cryptography (SECRYPT), pages 1–5, July 2010. [11] S. Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. Accessed: November 7, 2015. [12] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). FIPS PUB 180-4 secure hash standard (SHS). August 2015. [13] M. B. Taylor. Bitcoin and the age of bespoke silicon. In Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Compilers, Architectures and Synthesis for Embedded Systems, CASES 2013, 2013. [14] A. Verma, P. Brisk, and P. Ienne. Variable latency speculative addition: A new paradigm for arithmetic circuit design. In Design, Automation and Test in Europe, 2008. DATE ’08, pages 1250–1255, March 2008. [15] R. Ye, T. Wang, F. Yuan, R. Kumar, and Q. Xu. On reconfiguration-oriented approximate adder design and its application. In IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), pages 48–54, Nov 2013.PDF Image | Approximate Bitcoin Mining
PDF Search Title:
Approximate Bitcoin MiningOriginal File Name Searched:
dac_16_cam.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)