PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 021
Bitcoin, Blockchain, and the Energy Sector Other more advanced utilizations for blockchain in the energy sector could be highly disruptive. For example, there is increasing interest in net metering and a transactional grid (i.e., where producers of distributed energy resources, such as rooftop solar, can sell the electricity to nearby consumers). Prototype projects have relied upon blockchain technology among other peer-to-peer approaches to facilitate renewable energy transactions at the local level.99 Other peer-to-peer efforts include managing virtual power plant operations and enabling those who do not own renewable energy systems to pay for a portion of the energy generation of a host’s system in exchange for a reduction on their utility bills (e.g., renters paying for a portion of an apartment building’s rooftop solar system).100 If such applications are found to be practical and economical, blockchain technology could alter the manner in which electricity customers and producers interact. Traditionally electric utilities are vertically integrated. Blockchain could disrupt this convention by unbundling energy services along a distributed energy system. For instance, a customer could directly purchase excess electricity produced from their neighbor’s solar panels instead of purchasing electricity from the utility. On the one hand, this could result in a more transparent and efficient system. Blockchain could encourage more competition among generators and more flexibility and choice for consumers. On the other hand, unbundling energy services could lead to concerns over distribution control to accommodate the decentralization.101 Furthermore, storing vast quantities of data about critical infrastructure on distributed ledgers may introduce additional cybersecurity concerns.102 The sale of electricity via blockchains that are independent of a conventional utility framework may be subject to significant legal interpretation, and potentially represents the intersection of various federal and state statutes and regulations. Jurisdiction over the sale of electricity from a distributed energy resource or electric vehicle charging station hinges upon its definition as either a retail transaction or a sale for resale. Retail transactions are generally defined by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) as “sales made directly to the customer that consumes the energy product,” whereas sales for resale are defined as “a type of wholesale sales covering energy supplied to other electric utilities, cooperatives, municipalities, and Federal and state electric agencies for resale to ultimate consumers.”103 States typically regulate retail electricity transactions, while FERC has jurisdiction over the transmission and wholesale sales of electricity in interstate commerce. One survey by the Electric Power Research Institute, collected data on the potential barriers and advantages of blockchain in utilities. Of those surveyed, utilities in the United States were in early pilot stages or in the research phase, while some utilities in Europe had been using https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2018/10/25/pjm-to-test-blockchain-platform-for-trading-renewable-energy-certificates/. 99 Chenghua Zhang, Jianzhong Wu, and Chao Long, et al., “Review of Existing Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading Projects,” Energy Procedia, vol. 105 (2017), pp. 2563-2568; hereinafter Zhang et al., 2017. 100 A virtual power plant (VPP) is a cloud-based aggregation of distributed energy resources (DER) to enhance generation, trading, or selling of electric power. See Zhang et al., 2017 and Helen Partz, “Solar Power Supplier Kyocera Teams Up with Blockchain Firm to Improve Energy Distribution,” CoinTelegraph, February 25, 2019, https://cointelegraph.com/news/solar-power-supplier-kyocera-teams-up-with-blockchain-firm-to-improve-energy- distribution. 101 Merlinda Andonia, Valentin Robua, and David Flynn, et al., “Blockchain Technology in the Energy Sector: A Systematic Review of Challenges and Opportunities,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, February 2019 pp. 143-174. 102 For more information on cybersecurity issues in the electricity sector, see CRS Report R43989, Cybersecurity Issues for the Bulk Power System, by Richard J. Campbell. 103 FERC, “Glossary,” https://www.ferc.gov/resources/glossary.asp?csrt=17301308159773522879#R. Congressional Research Service 18PDF Image | Bitcoin, Blockchain, and the Energy Sector 2019
PDF Search Title:
Bitcoin, Blockchain, and the Energy Sector 2019Original File Name Searched:
R45863.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)