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specifications for cryptocurrency mining technology are needed, or whether existing specifications for equipment used in data centers are appropriate. Data Center Energy Efficiency Standards Congress may also choose to consider the creation or adoption of energy efficiency standards for data centers used by mining companies. Verifiable information on cryptocurrency mining power usage is limited and based on what is voluntarily reported. Under these circumstances, it is reported that as cryptocurrency mining centralizes and professionalizes, mining facilities are taking on characteristics (e.g., power and cooling needs) that are similar to other large computing facilities, such as data centers. One option for improving the energy efficiency of Bitcoin mining could be to establish energy efficiency standards for data centers or large computing facilities. According to DOE, data centers are energy-intensive compared to other building types.120 DOE estimates that data centers account for approximately 2% of total U.S. electricity use. In 2014, data centers in the United States consumed an estimated 70 billion kWh, and are projected to consume approximately 73 billion kWh in 2020.121 The growth in cloud computing services has led to commitments by some data-centric companies to power data centers with renewable energy.122 institute_energy_star_purchasing_policy. 118 CEC, Energy Efficiency Standards for Computers and Monitors: Frequently Asked Questions, CEC-400-2016-026- FS, 2016, http://www.energy.ca.gov/2016publications/CEC-400-2016-026/CEC-400-2016-026-FS.pdf. The CEC estimates that computers and monitors consume 5,610 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electricity annually, and contribute to approximately 3% of the state’s residential electricity use and 7% of the state’s commercial electricity use. 119 California Code of Regulations. Title 20, Article 4, 1605.3(v)(4)-1605.3(v)(6). 120 Data centers typically consume 10 to 50 times the energy per floor space of a typical commercial office building. DOE, “Data Centers and Servers,” accessed December 27, 2018, https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/data-centers- and-servers/. 121 Shehabi, A., Smith, S.J., Horner, N., Azevedo, I., Brown, R., Koomey, J., Masanet, E., Sartor, D., Herrlin, M., Lintner, W., United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 2016, LBNL-1005775, http://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/lbnl-1005775_v2.pdf, p.ES-1. 122 See Apple Inc., “Apple Now Globally Powered by 100 Percent Renewable Energy,” press release, April 9, 2018, Bitcoin, Blockchain, and the Energy Sector California Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards for Computer Products In the absence of national standards for computer products, the California Energy Commission (CEC) established energy efficiency standards for computers and monitors in 2016. California anticipates saving 2,332 GWh per year through these combined standards.118 The energy efficiency standards for computers set a baseline energy use target according to computer type— desktops, thin clients, and mobile gaming systems; notebook computers and portable all-in-ones; and high expandability computers, small-scale servers, workstations, and mobile workstations.119 The computer standards provide additional energy use allowances for features and technologies that may be added to a unit. The energy efficiency standard focuses on the performance of the computer during idle, sleep, and off modes. The energy efficiency standards for monitors set a limit on the amount of power that can be consumed when the monitor or display is on, in sleep mode, or off. The standard for on mode is based upon a calculation of the screen area and resolution, and is intended to encourage the use of higher efficiency LED backlights and screen technologies. Specialty monitors are allowed to consume additional power above the base standard. The California energy efficiency standards for computers and monitors will be implemented in stages. The first standard for workstations and small-scale servers went into effect on January 1, 2018. Energy efficiency requirements for desktop computers and computer monitors are set according to tiers. Initial energy efficiency standards went into effect in January and July of 2019. More efficient requirements go into effect in 2021. Congressional Research Service 21PDF Image | Bitcoin, Blockchain, and the Energy Sector 2019
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