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ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22256-3 Fig. 3 Bitcoin industry energy consumption and carbon emission comparisons. In Fig. 3, the peak energy consumption and carbon emission of Bitcoin industry are compared to national level emissions of other countries as well as to the emissions of domestic cities and industrial sectors in China. Annual energy consumption and ranking by countries a are obtained from cia.gov (www.cia.gov), carbon emission and ranking by countries b are collected from global carbonatlas (www.globalcarbonatlas.org). The carbon emission by Chinese cities (c) and industrial sectors (d) are obtained from China Emission Accounts and Datasets (www.ceads.net). Due to the unreleased or missing data in some database, the above energy consumption and carbon emission data are obtained for 2016 level. Fig. 4 BBCE scenario assessment comparisons. a–i Monthly network energy consumption (a), carbon emission per GDP (b), carbon emission flows (c), network hash rate (d), miner cumulative profits (e), block hash difficulty (f), energy consumption cost (g), miner profit rate (h), and carbon emission cost (i) under each intended policy are simulated and calculated by BBCE framework. Based on the regressed parameters of the BBCE model, the whole sample timesteps of network carbon emission assessment cover the period from January 2014 to January 2030. 6 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2021)12:1938 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22256-3 | www.nature.com/naturecommunicationsPDF Image | carbon emission flows and sustainability of Bitcoin blockchain
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