PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 009
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22256-3 ARTICLE Finally, the energy consumed by the whole Bitcoin blockchain can be expressed by mining power and power usage effectiveness: Network energy consumption 1⁄4 Mining power ́ Power usage effectiveness ð8Þ Employing the regional data of Bitcoin mining pools, coal-based and hydro-based energy is proportionally consumed by distinctive Bitcoin pools. The total carbon flows in Bitcoin blockchain are measured by the sum of both monthly coal-based and hydro-based energy carbon emission growth. The integration of total carbon emission is: 8. Hepburn, C. et al. The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal. Nature 575, 87–97 (2019). 9. Stave, K. A. A system dynamics model to facilitate public understanding of water management options in Las Vegas, Nevada. J. Environ. Manag. 67, 303–313 (2003). 10. Wu, S., Liu, L., Gao, J. & Wang, W. Integrate risk from climate change in China under global warming of 1.5 and 2.0 °C. Earth’s Futur. 7, 1307–1322 (2019). 11. Magnani, F. et al. The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests. Nature 447, 849–851 (2007). 12. Lenzen, M. et al. The carbon footprint of global tourism. Nat. Clim. Chang. 8, 522–528 (2018). 13. Stoll, C., Klaaßen, L. & Gallersdörfer, U. The carbon footprint of bitcoin. Joule 3, 1647–1661 (2019). 14. Cheng, Y., Du, D., & Han, Q. A hashing power allocation game in cryptocurrencies. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 11059, 226–238 (2018). 15. Vranken, H. Sustainability of bitcoin and blockchains. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 28, 1–9 (2017). 16. Küfeoğlu, S. & Özkuran, M. Bitcoin mining: a global review of energy and power demand.Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 58, 101273 (2019). 17. Krause, M. J. & Tolaymat, T. Quantification of energy and carbon costs for mining cryptocurrencies. Nat. Sustain. 1, 711–718 (2018). 18. Liu, Z. et al. Reduced carbon emission estimates from fossil fuel combustion and cement production in China. Nature 524, 335–338 (2015). 19. Aldy, J. et al. Economic tools to promote transparency and comparability in the Paris Agreement. Nat. Clim. Chang. 6, 1000–1004 (2016). 20. du Pont, Y. R. et al. Equitable mitigation to achieve the Paris Agreement goals. Nat. Clim. Chang. 7, 38–43 (2017). 21. Tang, L., Wu, J., Yu, L. & Bao, Q. Carbon emissions trading scheme exploration in China: a multi-agent-based model. Energy Policy 81, 152–169 (2015). 22. Schleussner, C. F. et al. Science and policy characteristics of the Paris Agreement temperature goal. Nat. Clim. Chang. 6, 827–835 (2016). 23. Rogelj, J. et al. Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 C. Nature 534, 631–639 (2016). 24. Holt, C. A. & Laury, S. K. Risk aversion and incentive effects: new data without order effects. Am. Econ. Rev. 95, 902–912 (2005). 25. Newell, R. G., Jaffe, A. B. & Stavins, R. N. The effects of economic and policy incentives on carbon mitigation technologies. Energy Econ. 28, 563–578 (2006). 26. Ioannou, I., Li, S. X. & Serafeim, G. The effect of target difficulty on target completion: the case of reducing carbon emissions. Account. Rev. 91, 1467–1492 (2016). 27. Hagmann, D., Ho, E. H. & Loewenstein, G. Nudging out support for a carbon tax. Nat. Clim. Chang. 9, 484–489 (2019). 28. van der Waal, M. B. et al. Blockchain-facilitated sharing to advance outbreak R&D. Science 368, 719–721 (2020). 29. Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J. & Shen, L. Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. Int. J. Prod. Res. 57, 2117–2135 (2019). 30. Karamitsos, I., Papadaki, M. & Al Barghuthi, N. B. Design of the blockchain smart contract: a use case for real estate. J. Inf. Secur. 9, 177–190 (2018). 31. Jessel, B. & DiCaprio, A. Can blockchain make trade finance more inclusive? J. Financ. Transform. 47, 35–50 (2018). 32. Leng, J. et al. Makerchain: a blockchain with chemical signature for self- organizing process in social manufacturing. J. Clean. Prod. 234, 767–778 (2019). 33. Lane, D. C. Diagramming conventions in system dynamics. J. Oper. Res. Soc. 51, 241–245 (2000). 34. Richardson, G. P. Reflections on the foundations of system dynamics. Syst. Dyn. Rev. 27, 219–243 (2011). 35. Cheng, Z., Li, L. & Liu, J. Industrial structure, technical progress and carbon intensity in China’s provinces. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 81, 2935–2946 (2018). Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71988101 and 72022019). Author contributions S.J. and Y.L. contributed to conceptualizing and designing the work, acquiring the data, conducting the analysis, interpreting the data, writing, and revising of the paper. Q.L. interpreted the data. Y.H. revised the paper. D.G. revised the paper and supervised the work. Y.X. revised the paper. S.W. conceptualized the work, revised the paper, and supervised the work. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Total carbon emissiont 1⁄4 Zt 0 Carbon emission flow dt ð9Þ In addition, carbon emissions per GDP are introduced to investigate the overall carbon intensity of the Bitcoin mining process in China, which is formulated by the following equation: Carbon emission per GDP 1⁄4 Carbon emission=GDP ð10Þ Suggested by the World Bank database, we introduce the average taxation percentage for industrial carbon emission (1%) as the initial carbon tax parameter in BBCE modeling. In addition, the punitive carbon taxation on the Bitcoin blockchain will be conducted by policy makers, i.e, the carbon taxation on the Bitcoin blockchain will be doubled, if the carbon emission per GDP of the Bitcoin blockchain is larger than average industrial carbon emission per GDP in China (2 kg/GDP). As a result, the carbon tax of Bitcoin blockchain is set as: Carbon tax 1⁄4 0:01 ́ IF THEN ELSEðcarbon emission per GDP>2; 2; 1Þ ð11Þ Validation and robustness tests. In order to test the suitability and robustness of BBCE modeling system structures and behaviors, three model validation experi- ments are introduced and conducted in our study, i.e., the structural suitability tests (see Supplementary Fig. 3), reality and statistical tests (see Supplementary Fig. 4), and sensitivity analysis (see Supplementary Fig. 5). The validation results of the three tests are reported in Supplementary Discussion. Overall, the model validation results indicate that the proposed BBCE model can effectively simulate the causal relationship and feedback loops of carbon emission system in Bitcoin industry, and the parameters in BBCE model have significant consistencies with actual Bitcoin operating time-series data. In addition, the sensitivity analysis of BBCE model also shows that a slight variation of the BBCE parameters does not lead to the remarkable changes in the model behaviors or the ranking of the intended carbon reduction policies, thus indicating that the proposed BBCE model has excellent behavioral robustness and stability. Reporting summary. Further information on experimental design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this paper. Data availability All original datasets used and the generated data from the results of the study are available at CEADS database (https://www.ceads.net/user/download-anonymous.php? id=1083). All data are also available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Received: 25 August 2020; Accepted: 2 March 2021; References 1. Nakamoto, S. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Bitcoin.org (2008). 2. Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H. N., Chen, X. & Wang, H. Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey. Int. J. Web Grid Serv. 14, 352–375 (2018). 3. Li, L., Liu, J., Chang, X., Liu, T. & Liu, J. Toward conditionally anonymous Bitcoin transactions: a lightweight-script approach. Inf. Sci. 509, 290–303 (2020). 4. Gallagher, K. S., Zhang, F., Orvis, R., Rissman, J. & Liu, Q. Assessing the policy gaps for achieving China’s climate targets in the Paris Agreement. Nat. Commun. 10, 1–10 (2019). 5. Jokar, Z. & Mokhtar, A. Policy making in the cement industry for CO2 mitigation on the pathway of sustainable development-A system dynamics approach. J. Clean. Prod. 201, 142–155 (2018). 6. Beckage, B. et al. Linking models of human behaviour and climate alters projected climate change. Nat. Clim. Chang. 8, 79–84 (2018). 7. Wang, D., Nie, R., Long, R., Shi, R. & Zhao, Y. Scenario prediction of China’s coal production capacity based on system dynamics model. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 129, 432–442 (2018). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2021)12:1938 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22256-3 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 9PDF Image | carbon emission flows and sustainability of Bitcoin blockchain
PDF Search Title:
carbon emission flows and sustainability of Bitcoin blockchainOriginal File Name Searched:
s41467-021-22256-3.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)