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but even so, it still leaves plenty of computers around the globe to infect. How do does the malware (also miners) get into mining systems? BKDR_BTMINE.MNR may arrive on users‘ systems as part of a malware package. It may either be dropped or downloaded by other malware/ grayware/spyware from malicious sites. These may also be unknowingly downloaded by users while visiting malicious sites. BKDR_BTMINE.DDOS may also arrive as part of a malware package. These may be downloaded by other malware/grayware/ spyware from malicious sites or may be unknowingly downloaded by users while visiting malicious sites. Cybercriminals use social media to infect users‘ systems with Bitcoin-mining malware. They have, for instance, used Tweets with malicious links to trick users into downloading WORM_KOLAB.SMQX, which subsequently download HKTL_BITCOINMINE onto infected systems. Some cybercriminals also used WORM_OTORUN.ASH to exploit a certain network vulnerability to force systems to participate in a Bitcoin pool. It may also be dropped or downloaded by other malware/spyware/ grayware from malicious sites. What happens to Bitcoin-mining-infected systems? Bitcoin-mining malware primarily aim to force systems to generate Bitcoins for cybercriminals use. BKDR_BTMINE.MNR accesses malicious URLs to procure certain IP addresses. It then accesses the IP addresses to send and receive information, to download other malware, and to get an updated list of IP addresses. It also downloads and uses one of three different Bitcoin-mining software, depending on the infected system‘s specifications. BKDR_BTMINE.DDOS comes with a list of IP addresses that it tries to access in order to send and receive information, to download other malware, to get an updated list of IP addresses, and to obtain a list of sites to target via distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. Upon execution, WORM_KOLAB.SMQX creates a directory that contains HKTL_BITCOINMINE—a Bitcoin-mining-mining grayware, in an infected system. WORM_KOLAB.SMQX uses this grayware to generate Bitcoins without the users‘ knowledge. During analysis, the grayware tried but failed to access a malicious link using a specific user name and password. WORM_OTORUN.ASH attempts to force infected systems to participate in a Bitcoin-mining pool service known as Deepbit. A Bitcoin mining pool refers to a network of Bitcoin miners that process the same block for faster payout. The Bitcoins generated through such a pool are then divided among the participants. C. Energy footprint Bitcoin mining network is stuck in a cycle which is driving up its power usage. Miners tend to put more computing power on the network so that they can make more and more Bitcoins. The software underpinning the network reacts by changing a parameter that makes it more difficult to solve the mathematical problem needed to solve a Bitcoin block. Therefore, because it is harder to solve the problem, miners add even more computing power. As this cycle increases, it takes more electricity to mine a Bitcoin. The hashing power of the network surpassed the world's top 500 supercomputers almost a year ago. So the higher the value of one Bitcoin, the higher the value of mining rewards and transaction fees, the higher the energy consumption of the Bitcoin network in the long run. Energy consumption and Bitcoin mining relation can be described as follows: More efficient mining gear does not reduce energy use of the Bitcoin network. It will only raise the network difficulty Cheaper energy linearly increases mining energy use of the Bitcoin network The same conclusions apply to all proof of work based currencies. A Bitcoin miner is part of Bitcoin‘s peer-to-peer network that collects recent transactions and aims to complete a proof of work scheme. In this scheme, there is a current target value T, which is periodically recalculated by the network. The miner‘s aim is to find a nonce value so that: H(B.N) < T(1) where B is the string representing the recent transactions, N is the nonce value, ̳.‘ is the concatenation operator and H is the Bitcoin hash function, in this case: H(S):= SHA256 (SHA256(S)) The proof of work can be achieved by choosing values for N randomly or systematically until eq.1 is satisfied. When an N is found, the resulting block can be sent to the Bitcoin network and added to the Bitcoin blockchain. Finding a block results in a reward of extra Bitcoins for the block‘s finder. Thus, the process of finding a suitable N value is referred to as Bitcoin mining. The major limiting factors in Bitcoin mining are the hash rate of hardware and the cost of running this hardware. The hash rate, R, is typically measured in millions of hashes per second or Megahashes (Mhash/s). This is combined with the power usage, P, of the hardware to get the energy efficiency of the hardware E = R/P (Mhash/J) which serves as a helpful statistic to compare hardware. Initially mining took place on normal computers. As Bitcoin gained popularity, there was something akin to an arms race as miners attempted to increase their hash rate. Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) which can perform many parallel calculations are well-adapted to Bitcoin mining. Standard programming interfaces, such as OpenCL and CUDA, made GPUs popular among Bitcoin miners. Their higher hash rate compared with their lower energy footprint made them better suited to mining than normal CPUs. As the use of GPUs became more widespread, people were forced to look for alternatives to keep ahead of the crowd. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) came into vogue for a brief period before Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) came onto the scene. ASICS can perform the Bitcoin hash at higher rates but with a much smaller energy requirement. (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 6, No. 9, 2015 www.ijacsa.thesai.org 120 | P a g ePDF Image | Cryptocurrency Mining Transition to Cloud
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