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Inventions 2020, 5, 58 8 of 14 a cloud-based SCADA network is used to accumulate, broadcast, and store data in the proposed prototype. Customized collection, transmission, and receival of signal data between the communication and physical layer are done through the smart RTUs of SCADA. The communication path is linked through the RTU-nodes. Only authorized users, who have access to the communication, are able to certify the data acquisition and process for the reports or signaling of different process used in the production environment. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) plays an important role in the Inventions 2020, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 14 proposed decentralized data security system. It is envisioned that AMI should contain the following key features: (1) Individual smart RTU with distinctive IP address, data storage and process drive, RAM, (1) Individual smart RTU with distinctive IP address, data storage and process drive, RAM, signal sender–receiver device. All RTUs of the same layer need to be inter-channeled. signal sender–receiver device. All RTUs of the same layer need to be inter-channeled. (2) A public–private key must be used to encrypt each smart RTU. (2) A public–private key must be used to encrypt each smart RTU. (3) Accessibility of bidirectional information gateway for related parties and associated systems. (3) Accessibility of bidirectional information gateway for related parties and associated systems. In the following subsection, we are going to discuss an Ethereum blockchain prototype to In the following subsection, we are going to discuss an Ethereum blockchain prototype to facilitate facilitate an end-to-end data protection. The proposed Ethereum blockchain has three elements: (i) an end-to-end data protection. The proposed Ethereum blockchain has three elements: (i) Block, Block, (ii) Smart Contract, and (iii) Miner. (ii) Smart Contract, and (iii) Miner. 4.34.3B.lBoclokcCkoCnosntrsutrcuticotnion ThTehelitleitrearlalmmeeaannininggoffblockchainiscchaaininooffblbolcokcsk.sA. bAlobckloicskaicsoantcaoinetraidnaetradstartuactsutruec,twuhreic,h stores key transaction information, like day and time of transaction, amount of transaction, which stores key transaction information, like day and time of transaction, amount of transaction, participant in transaction, and so on. Internally, the blocks are linked by the cryptographic and participant in transaction, and so on. Internally, the blocks are linked by the cryptographic and hashing hashing concepts. A hash function routes random data to meaningful preset sized data. In summary, concepts. A hash function routes random data to meaningful preset sized data. In summary, each block each block is connected with one-way (i.e., data is irreversible) hash string-links and the resultant is connected with one-way (i.e., data is irreversible) hash string-links and the resultant hash value is hash value is different from the previous hash values. In the process, the blocks are collision resistant, different from the previous hash values. In the process, the blocks are collision resistant, which means which means that if any transaction in the block is changed by an unauthorized entry, it invalidates that if any transaction in the block is changed by an unauthorized entry, it invalidates all hash addresses all hash addresses of the block sequences one by one. The communication amid the client-nodes is of the block sequences one by one. The communication amid the client-nodes is routinely carried out routinely carried out without individual intervention. Figure 3 shows the construction of the chain without individual intervention. Figure 3 shows the construction of the chain along with the details of along with the details of the contents of block connections. the contents of block connections. Figure 3. Construction of the chain along with the details of the contents of block construction. Figure 3. Construction of the chain along with the details of the contents of block construction. 4.4. Development of Ethereum Smart Contract 4.4. Development of Ethereum Smart Contract Smart contracts help a customer (or miner) to trade data of any value via a transparent, conflict-free Smart contracts help a customer (or miner) to trade data of any value via a transparent, conflict- system whilst preventing any third-party access. Initially, a single ledger is offered to the customer as a free system whilst preventing any third-party access. Initially, a single ledger is offered to the source of trust from blockchain, and data exchange then happens between nodes. Smart contracts are a customer as a source of trust from blockchain, and data exchange then happens between nodes. Smart collection set of elaborated logic, which are developed in JavaScript platform. Protected data are stored contracts are a collection set of elaborated logic, which are developed in JavaScript platform. Protected data are stored in blockchain database and can be retrieved only by authorized users. Figure 4 shows the construction flowchart of Smart Contract and its interaction with a different layer of the SCADA system. The data monitoring is developed in Python Zerynth IDE environment [22], and the communication layer for smart RTUs is made with microchips of espressif [23]. Zerynth is designed to link the IoT platforms of smart RTU to cloud services. Figure 5 showsPDF Image | Ethereum Blockchain-Based Prototype for Data Security
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