ETHEREUM: A SECURE DECENTRALISED GENERALISED TRANSACTION

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ETHEREUM: A SECURE DECENTRALISED GENERALISED TRANSACTION ( ethereum-secure-decentralised-generalised-transaction )

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(90) (91) (92) (93) (94) (95) (96) (97) (98) Ia ≡ a Io ≡ o Ip ≡ p Id ≡ () Is ≡ s Iv ≡ v Ib ≡ i Ie ≡ e Iw ≡ w σ   σ∗∗ if F∨σ∗∗=∅ if DEAD(σ∗∗, a) otherwise ETHEREUM: A SECURE DECENTRALISED GENERALISED TRANSACTION LEDGER BERLIN VERSION 10 where I contains the parameters of the execution environ- ment, that is: (100) g′ ≡ (101) σ′ ≡ (102) Id evaluates to the empty tuple as there is no input data to this call. IH has no special treatment and is determined from the blockchain. Code execution depletes gas, and gas may not go below zero, thus execution may exit before the code has come to a natural halting state. In this (and several other) ex- ceptional cases we say an out-of-gas (OOG) exception has occurred: The evaluated state is defined as being the empty set, ∅, and the entire create operation should have no effect on the state, effectively leaving it as it was immediately prior to attempting the creation. If the initialization code completes successfully, a final contract-creation cost is paid, the code-deposit cost, c, proportional to the size of the created contract’s code: (99) c ≡ Gcodedeposit × ∥o∥ If there is not enough gas remaining to pay this, i.e. g∗∗ < c, then we also declare an out-of-gas exception. The gas remaining will be zero in any such exceptional condition, i.e. if the creation was conducted as the recep- tion of a transaction, then this doesn’t affect payment of the intrinsic cost of contract creation; it is paid regardless. However, the value of the transaction is not transferred to the aborted contract’s address when we are out-of-gas. If such an exception does not occur, then the remaining gas is refunded to the originator and the now-altered state is allowed to persist. Thus formally, we may specify the resultant state, gas, accrued substate and status code as (σ′, g′, A′, z) where: F ≡􏰝σ[a] ̸= ∅ ∧ 􏰝σ[a]c ̸= KEC􏰝()􏰞 ∨ σ[a]n ̸= 0􏰞􏰞 ∨ (σ∗∗=∅∧o=∅) ∨ g∗∗ 24576 The exception in the determination of σ′ dictates that o, the resultant byte sequence from the execution of the initialisation code, specifies the final body code for the newly-created account. Note that intention is that the result is either a suc- cessfully created new contract with its endowment, or no new contract with no transfer of value. In addition, ob- serve that if the execution of the initialising code reverts (σ∗∗ = ∅ ∧ o ̸= ∅), the resultant gas g′ is not depleted (provided there was no other exception), but no new ac- count is created. 7.1. Subtleties. Note that while the initialisation code is executing, the newly created address exists but with no intrinsic body code5. Thus any message call received by it during this time causes no code to be executed. If the initialisation execution ends with a SELFDESTRUCT instruction, the matter is moot since the account will be deleted before the transaction is completed. For a normal STOP code, or if the code returned is otherwise empty, then the state is left with a zombie account, and any remaining balance will be locked into the account forever. 8. Message Call In the case of executing a message call, several param- eters are required: sender (s), transaction originator (o), recipient (r), the account whose code is to be executed (c, usually the same as recipient), available gas (g), value (v) and gas price (p) together with an arbitrary length byte array, d, the input data of the call, the present depth of the message-call/contract-creation stack (e) and finally the permission to make modifications to the state (w). (103) z≡ where (104) 􏱏0 if F∨σ∗∗=∅ 1 otherwise 􏱏0 ifF g∗∗ − c otherwise except:  σ′[a] = ∅  ∗∗  σ   except: σ′[a]c = KEC(o) 􏱏A∗ if F∨σ∗∗=∅ A′ ≡ A∗∗ otherwise 5During initialization code execution, EXTCODESIZE on the address should return zero, which is the length of the code of the account while CODESIZE should return the length of the initialization code (as defined in H.2).

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