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ETHEREUM: A SECURE DECENTRALISED GENERALISED TRANSACTION LEDGER BERLIN VERSION 18 2012. URL https://github.com/Colored-Coins/ Colored-Coins-Protocol-Specification. Markku-Juhani Saarinen and Jean-Philippe Aumasson. RFC 7693: The BLAKE2 cryptographic hash and mes- sage authentication code (MAC), November 2015. URL https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7693. Afri Schoedon. EIP-1234: Constantinople difficulty bomb delay and block reward adjustment, 2018. URL https: //eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1234. Afri Schoedon and Vitalik Buterin. EIP-649: Metropo- lis difficulty bomb delay and block reward reduction, June 2017. URL https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/ eip- 649. Michael John Sebastian Smith. Application-Specific Integrated Circuits. Addison-Wesley, 1997. ISBN 0201500221. Yonatan Sompolinsky and Aviv Zohar. Accelerating bit- coin’s transaction processing. fast money grows on trees, not chains, 2013. URL https://eprint.iacr.org/ 2013/881. Simon Sprankel. Technical Basis of Digital Currencies, 2013. URL http://www.coderblog.de/wp-content/ uploads/technical-basis-of-digital-currencies. pdf. Nick Szabo. Formalizing and securing relation- ships on public networks. First Monday, 2(9), 1997. URL http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/ fm/article/view/548. Wei Tang. EIP-2200: Structured definitions for net gas me- tering, 2019. URL https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/ eip-2200. Vivek Vishnumurthy, Sangeeth Chandrakumar, and Emin Gn Sirer. KARMA: A secure economic framework for peer-to-peer resource sharing, 2003. URL https:// www.cs.cornell.edu/people/egs/papers/karma.pdf. J. R. Willett. MasterCoin Complete Specification, 2013. URL https://github.com/mastercoin-MSC/spec. Appendix A. Terminology External Actor: A person or other entity able to interface to an Ethereum node, but external to the world of Ethereum. It can interact with Ethereum through depositing signed Transactions and inspecting the blockchain and associated state. Has one (or more) intrinsic Accounts. Address: A 160-bit code used for identifying Accounts. Account: Accounts have an intrinsic balance and transaction count maintained as part of the Ethereum state. They also have some (possibly empty) EVM Code and a (possibly empty) Storage State associated with them. Though homogenous, it makes sense to distinguish between two practical types of account: those with empty associated EVM Code (thus the account balance is controlled, if at all, by some external entity) and those with non-empty associated EVM Code (thus the account represents an Autonomous Object). Each Account has a single Address that identifies it. Transaction: A piece of data, signed by an External Actor. It represents either a Message or a new Autonomous Object. Transactions are recorded into each block of the blockchain. Autonomous Object: A notional object existent only within the hypothetical state of Ethereum. Has an intrinsic address and thus an associated account; the account will have non-empty associated EVM Code. Incorporated only as the Storage State of that account. Storage State: The information particular to a given Account that is maintained between the times that the Account’s associated EVM Code runs. Message: Data (as a set of bytes) and Value (specified as Ether) that is passed between two Accounts, either through the deterministic operation of an Autonomous Object or the cryptographically secure signature of the Transaction. Message Call: The act of passing a message from one Account to another. If the destination account is associated with non-empty EVM Code, then the VM will be started with the state of said Object and the Message acted upon. If the message sender is an Autonomous Object, then the Call passes any data returned from the VM operation. Gas: The fundamental network cost unit. Paid for exclusively by Ether (as of PoC-4), which is converted freely to and from Gas as required. Gas does not exist outside of the internal Ethereum computation engine; its price is set by the Transaction and miners are free to ignore Transactions whose Gas price is too low. Contract: Informal term used to mean both a piece of EVM Code that may be associated with an Account or an Autonomous Object. Object: Synonym for Autonomous Object. App: An end-user-visible application hosted in the Ethereum Browser. Ethereum Browser: (aka Ethereum Reference Client) A cross-platform GUI of an interface similar to a simplified browser (a la Chrome) that is able to host sandboxed applications whose backend is purely on the Ethereum protocol. Ethereum Virtual Machine: (aka EVM) The virtual machine that forms the key part of the execution model for an Account’s associated EVM Code. Ethereum Runtime Environment: (aka ERE) The environment which is provided to an Autonomous Object executing in the EVM. Includes the EVM but also the structure of the world state on which the EVM relies for certain I/O instructions including CALL & CREATE. EVM Code: The bytecode that the EVM can natively execute. Used to formally specify the meaning and ramifications of a message to an Account. EVM Assembly: The human-readable form of EVM-code.PDF Image | ETHEREUM: A SECURE DECENTRALISED GENERALISED TRANSACTION
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