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• It should allow users to recover their credentials in case of loss or theft. • It should not require knowledge of contracts or manually calling contract methods. • It should have reasonable latency for a login system (no more than a couple of seconds). • It should not cost users gas (or money) to login. • It should be reasonably easy for developers to implement in their apps. One of the biggest problems with our initial approach was that writes were necessary. This forced users who wanted to log in to spend Ether to do so. Worse, they had to wait for confirmation of the transaction before the login was successful. On the other hand, this made the login process truly decentralized. Writes were a requirement for our previous system due to the way Ethereum events work. Events are special operations in the Ethereum network that can be watched by nodes. Internally, events are Ethereum Virtual Machine ops that create data that is added to the transaction when it is mined. Events do not work on read-only (constant) Solidity functions, since they are added to a transaction when it is mined, this forces users of our first system to pay to generate a LoginAttempt event. This limitation forced us to make a compromise: rather than remain entirely decentralized, we added a server to handle authentication requests. In turn, this server relies on data stored in the Ethereum blockchain. However, our system does retain the ability to allow for serverless logins. We will see how that works later on. Another big limitation of our first system was that the user needed access to his Ethereum wallet to login. This is impractical for several reasons: • Users usually keep a single wallet. In other words, they do not carry around their private keys to easily use them on different devices. • If a user loses his or her Ethereum private key, he may never be able to authenticate again with that address to a third party service, not even to switch his main address or recover his information. This poses a problem for long term use of the system. • Requiring a user to use his or her private key for each login can be a security issue for accounts holding big amounts of value. For those accounts, private keys may be stored safely and used only when necessary. Requiring their use for each login is less than ideal. So some way of using an Ethereum address to login without requiring the private key for that address must be implemented for our new system. 3.3 A Login System for Ethereum Users So, here is what we implemented. Our system relies on three key elements: an authentication server, a mobile application, and the Ethereum network. Here’s how they play together. 53PDF Image | Intro to Ethereum and Smart Contracts
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