Mastering Bitcoin

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Mastering Bitcoin ( mastering-bitcoin )

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Below is a slightly more complex script, which calculates ((2 + 3) * 2) + 1. Notice that when the script contains several operators in a row, the stack allows the results of one operator to be acted upon by the next operator: 2 3 OP_ADD 2 OP_MUL 1 OP_ADD 11 OP_EQUAL Try validating the script above yourself, using pencil and paper. When the script exe‐ cution ends, you should be left with the value TRUE on the stack. While most locking scripts refer to a bitcoin address or public key, thereby requiring proof of ownership to spend the funds, the script does not have to be that complex. Any combination of locking and unlocking scripts that results in a TRUE value is valid. The simple arithmetic we used as an example of the scripting language above is also a valid locking script that can be used to lock a transaction output. Use part of the arithmetic example script as the locking script: 3 OP_ADD 5 OP_EQUAL which can be satisfied by transaction containing an input with the unlocking script: 2 The validation software combines the locking and unlocking scripts and the resulting script is: 2 3 OP_ADD 5 OP_EQUAL As we saw in the step-by-step example above, when this script is executed the result is OP_TRUE, making the transaction valid. Not only is this a valid transaction output locking script, but the resulting UTXO could be spent by anyone with the arithmetic skills to know that the number 2 satisfies the script. Turing Incompleteness The bitcoin transaction script language contains many operators but is deliberately limited in one important way — there are no loops or complex flow control capabilities other than conditional flow control. This ensures that the language is not Turing Com‐ plete, meaning that scripts have limited complexity and predictable execution times. Script is not a general-purpose language. These limitations ensure that the language cannot be used to create an infinite loop or other form of “logic bomb” that could be embedded in a transaction in a way that causes a Denial-of-Service attack against the bitcoin network. Remember, every transaction is validated by every full node on the Transaction Scripts and Script Language | 127

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