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Mastering Bitcoin

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Mastering Bitcoin ( mastering-bitcoin )

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When executed, this combined script will evaluate to TRUE if, and only if, the unlocking script matches the conditions set by the locking script. In this case, the condition is whether the unlocking script has a valid signature from the two private keys that cor‐ respond to two of the three public keys set as an encumbrance. Data Output (OP_RETURN) Bitcoin’s distributed and timestamped ledger, the blockchain, has potential uses far be‐ yond payments. Many developers have tried to use the transaction scripting language to take advantage of the security and resilience of the system for applications such as digital notary services, stock certificates, and smart contracts. Early attempts to use bitcoin’s script language for these purposes involved creating transaction outputs that recorded data on the blockchain, for example to record a digital fingerprint of a file in such a way that anyone could establish proof-of-existence of that file on a specific date by reference to that transaction. The use of bitcoin’s blockchain to store data unrelated to bitcoin payments is a contro‐ versial subject. Many developers consider such use abusive and want to discourage it. Others view it as a demonstration of the powerful capabilities of blockchain technology and want to encourage such experimentation. Those who object to the inclusion of non- payment data argue that it causes “blockchain bloat”, burdening those running full bit‐ coin nodes with carrying the cost of disk storage for data that the blockchain was not intended to carry. Moreover, such transactions create UTXO that cannot be spent, using the destination bitcoin address as a free-form 20-byte field. Since the address is used for data, it doesn’t correspond to a private key and the resulting UTXO can never be spent, it’s a fake payment. This practice causes the size of the in-memory UTXO set to increase and these transactions which can never be spent are therefore never removed, forcing bitcoin nodes to carry these forever in RAM which is far more expensive. In version 0.9 of the bitcoin core client, a compromise was reached, with the introduc‐ tion of the OP_RETURN operator. OP_RETURN allows developers to add 40 bytes of non-payment data to a transaction output. However, unlike the use of “fake” UTXO, the OP_RETURN operator creates an explicitly provably un-spendable output, which does not need to be stored in the UTXO set. OP_RETURN outputs are recorded on the blockchain, so they consume disk space and contribute to the increase in the blockchain’s size, but they are not stored in the UTXO set and therefore do not bloat the UTXO memory pool and burden full nodes with the cost of more expensive RAM. OP_RETURN scripts look like this: OP_RETURN where the data portion is limited to 40 bytes and most often represents a hash, such as the output from the SHA256 algorithm (32 bytes). Many applications put a prefix in front of the data to help identify the application. For example, the proofofexistence.com Standard Transactions | 133

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