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Peer-to-Peer Network Architecture Bitcoin is structured as a peer-to-peer network architecture on top of the Internet. The term peer-to-peer or P2P means that the computers that participate in the network are peers to each other, that they are all equal, that there are no “special” nodes and that all nodes share the burden of providing network services. The network nodes interconnect in a mesh network with a “flat” topology. There is no “server”, no centralized service, and no hierarchy within the network. Nodes in a peer-to-peer network both provide and consume services at the same time with reciprocity acting as the incentive for par‐ ticipation. Peer-to-peer networks are inherently resilient, de-centralized, and open. The pre-eminent example of a P2P network architecture was the early Internet itself, where nodes on the IP network were equal. Today’s Internet architecture is more hierarchical, but the Internet Protocol still retains its flat-topology essence. Beyond bitcoin, the larg‐ est and most successful application of P2P technologies is file sharing with Napster as the pioneer and bittorrent as the most recent evolution of the architecture. Bitcoin’s P2P network architecture is much more than a topology choice. Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer digital cash system by design, and the network architecture is both a re‐ flection and a foundation of that core characteristic. De-centralization of control is a core design principle and that can only be achieved and maintained by a flat, de- centralized P2P consensus network. The term “bitcoin network” refers to the collection of nodes running the bitcoin P2P protocol. In addition to the bitcoin P2P protocol, there are other protocols such as Stratum, which are used for mining and lightweight or mobile wallets. These additional protocols are provided by gateway routing servers that access the bitcoin network using the bitcoin P2P protocol and then extend that network to nodes running other proto‐ cols. For example, Stratum servers connect Stratum mining nodes via the Stratum pro‐ tocol to the main bitcoin network and bridge the Stratum protocol to the bitcoin P2P CHAPTER 6 The Bitcoin Network 139PDF Image | Mastering Bitcoin
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