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message. Since it is not possible to remove a pattern from a bloom filter, a node has to clear and re-send a new bloom filter if a pattern is no longer desired. Transaction Pools Almost every node on the bitcoin network maintains a temporary list of unconfirmed transactions called the memory pool or transaction pool. Nodes use this pool to keep track of transactions that are known to the network but are not yet included in the blockchain. For example, a node that holds a user’s wallet will use the transaction pool to track incoming payments to the user’s wallet that have been received on the network but are not yet confirmed. As transactions are received and verified, they are added to the transaction pool and relayed to the neighboring nodes to propagate on the network. Some node implementations also maintain a separate pool of orphaned transactions as detailed in (to come). If a transaction’s inputs refer to a transaction that is not yet known, a missing parent, then the orphan transaction will be stored temporarily in the orphan pool until the parent transaction arrives. When a transaction is added to the transaction pool, the orphan pool is checked for any orphans that reference this transaction’s outputs (its children). Any matching orphans are then validated. If valid, they are removed from the orphan pool and added to the transaction pool, completing the chain that started with the parent transaction. In light of the newly added transaction which is no longer an orphan, the process is repeated recursively looking for any further descendants, until no more descendants are found. Through this process, the arrival of a parent transaction triggers a cascade reconstruc‐ tion of an entire chain of interdependent transactions by re-uniting the orphans with their parents all the way down the chain. Both the transaction pool and orphan pool (where implemented) are stored in local memory and are not saved on persistent storage, rather they are dynamically populated from incoming network messages. When a node starts, both pools are empty and are gradually populated with new transactions received on the network. Some implementations of the bitcoin client also maintain a UTXO database or UTXO pool, which is the set of all unspent outputs on the blockchain. While the name “UTXO pool” sounds similar to the transaction pool, it represents a different set of data. Unlike the transaction and orphan pools, the UTXO pool is not initialized empty but instead contains millions of entries of unspent transaction outputs including some dating back to 2009. The UTXO pool may be housed in local memory or as an indexed database table on persistent storage. Whereas the transaction and orphan pools represent a single node’s local perspective and may vary significantly from node to node depending upon when the node was 160 | Chapter 6: The Bitcoin NetworkPDF Image | Mastering Bitcoin
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