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“Introduction” on page 177. The third piece of metadata is the Merkle Tree root, a data structure used to efficiently summarize all the transactions in the block. Table 7-2. The structure of the block header Size 4 bytes 32 bytes 32 bytes 4 bytes 4 bytes 4 bytes Field Version Previous Block Hash Merkle Root Timestamp Difficulty Target Nonce Description A version number to track software/protocol upgrades A reference to the hash of the previous (parent) block in the chain A hash of the root of the Merkle-Tree of this block’s transactions The approximate creation time of this block (seconds from Unix Epoch) The proof-of-work algorithm difficulty target for this block A counter used for the proof-of-work algorithm The Nonce, Difficulty Target, and Timestamp are used in the mining process and will be discussed in more detail in “Introduction” on page 177. Block Identifiers - Block Header Hash and Block Height The primary identifier of a block is its cryptographic hash, a digital fingerprint, made by hashing the block header twice through the SHA256 algorithm. The resulting 32- byte hash, is called the block hash, but is more accurately the block header hash, as only the block header is used to compute it. For example, the block hash of the first bitcoin block ever created is 000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f. The block hash identifies a block uniquely and unambiguously and can be independently derived by any node by simply hashing the block header. Note that the block hash is not actually included inside the block’s data structure, neither when the block is transmitted on the network, nor when it is stored on a node’s persis‐ tence storage as part of the blockchain. Instead, the block’s hash is computed by each node as the block is received from the network. The block hash may be stored in a separate database table as part of the block’s metadata, to facilitate indexing and faster retrieval of blocks from disk. A second way to identify a block is by its position in the blockchain, called the block height. The first block ever created is at block height 0 (zero) and is the same block that was referenced by the block hash 000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f above. A block can thus be identified two ways, either by referencing the block hash, or by ref‐ erencing the block height. Each subsequent block added “on top” of that first block is one position “higher” in the blockchain, like boxes stacked one on top of the other. The block height on January 1st 2014 was approximately 278,000, meaning there were 278,000 blocks stacked on top of the first block created in January 2009. Block Identifiers - Block Header Hash and Block Height | 165PDF Image | Mastering Bitcoin
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