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Proof-of-Work Algorithm A hash algorithm takes an arbitrary-length data input and produces a fixed-length de‐ terministic result, a digital fingerprint of the input. For any specific input, the resulting hash will always be the same and can be easily calculated and verified by anyone im‐ plementing the same hash algorithm. The key characteristic of a cryptographic hash algorithm is that it is virtually impossible to find two different inputs that produce the same fingerprint. As a corollary, it is also virtually impossible to select an input in such a way as to produce a desired fingerprint, other than trying random inputs. With SHA-256, the output is always 256 bits long, regardless of the size of the input. In the example below, we will use the Python interpreter to calculate the SHA256 hash of the phrase “I am Satoshi Nakamoto”. Example 8-8. SHA256 Example $ python Python 2.7.1 >>> import hashlib >>> print hashlib.sha256("I am Satoshi Nakamoto").hexdigest() 5d7c7ba21cbbcd75d14800b100252d5b428e5b1213d27c385bc141ca6b47989e The example shows that if we calculate the hash of the phrase "I am Satoshi Nakamo to", it will produce 5d7c7ba21cbbcd75d14800b100252d5b428e5b1213d27c385bc141ca6b47989e. This 256-bit number is the hash or digest of the phrase and depends on every part of the phrase. Adding a single letter, punctuation mark or any character will produce a different hash. Now, if we change the phrase, we will expect to see completely different hashes. Let’s try that by adding a number to the end of our phrase, using this simple Python script Example 8-9. SHA256 A script for generating many hashes by iterating on a nonce # example of iterating a nonce in a hashing algorithm's input import hashlib text = "I am Satoshi Nakamoto" # iterate nonce from 0 to 19 for nonce in xrange(20): # add the nonce to the end of the text input = text + str(nonce) # calculate the SHA-256 hash of the input (text+nonce) hash = hashlib.sha256(input).hexdigest() Mining the Block | 193PDF Image | Mastering Bitcoin
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