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Mastering Bitcoin

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Mastering Bitcoin ( mastering-bitcoin )

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A “fork” occurs whenever there are two candidate blocks competing to form the longest blockchain. This occurs under normal conditions whenever two miners solve the Proof- of-Work algorithm within a short period of time from each other. As both miners dis‐ cover a solution for their respective candidate blocks, they immediately broadcast their own “winning” block to their immediate neighbors who begin propagating the block across the network. Each node that receives a valid block will incorporate it into their blockchain, extending the blockchain by one block. If that node later sees another can‐ didate block extending the same parent, they connect the second candidate on a sec‐ ondary chain. As a result, some nodes will “see” one candidate block first, while other nodes will see the other candidate block and two competing versions of the blockchain will emerge. In the diagram below, we see two miners who mine two different blocks almost simul‐ taneously. Both of these blocks are children of the blue block, meant to extend the chain by building on top of the blue block. To help us track it, one is visualized as a red block originating from Canada, and the other is marked as a green block originating from Australia. Figure 8-3. Visualization of a blockchain fork event - Two blocks found simultaneously Let’s assume for example that a miner in Canada finds a Proof-of-Work solution for a block “red” that extends the blockchain, building on top of the parent block “blue”. Almost simultaneously, an Australian miner who was also extending block “blue”, finds a solution for block “green”, their candidate block. Now, there are two possible blocks, one we call “red”, originating in Canada and one we call “green”, originating in Australia. Both blocks are valid, both blocks contain a valid solution to the proof of work, both Assembling and Selecting Chains of Blocks | 205

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