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Review of Challenges in Blockchain Scalability

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Review of Challenges in Blockchain Scalability ( review-challenges-blockchain-scalability )

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Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9372 3 of 27 For example, in Bitcoin, minimizing latency may increase the transaction throughput, but it would make the security vulnerable due to the high chance of the forks forming in public blockchains. It is therefore essential to find a balance between all those three aspects of the blockchain and to consider the requirements of public blockchain applications. In this article, we performed SLR on the latest research works on the scalability of public blockchains. The SLR started off with a deep investigation into the scalability issue in major public blockchain applications to identify the impacts of the adoption of block- chain technology in areas/fields other than cryptocurrency, after which the potential fac- tors associated with challenges in transaction throughput, energy consumption, number of nodes, latency, storage, etc., were explored and tracked. All the scalability-interdepend- ent elements were systemically scrutinized and linked to the public blockchain consensus mechanism. Many researchers have attempted to address this issue in one of two ways: on-chain or off-chain. Sagwit, block size increases, sharding, and consensus mechanisms are examples of on-chain solutions. Off-chain, on the other hand, is a lighting network. Researchers also studied these examples’ impact on blockchain implementations. The main contribution is two-fold. First, we provide a comprehensive review of pub- lic blockchain scalability with a special focus on the critical factors causing the scalability issue, and the related mitigation approaches. Many surveys and reviews have been re- leased on the blockchain scalability challenge in the context of cryptocurrencies, as well as studies that only look at how to address scalability problems with different implemen- tations; however, the problem still exists. Secondly, this SLR is attempting to build a com- prehensive knowledge base in the field of public blockchain scalability that could be ben- eficial to those researchers interested in seeking ways to solve the public blockchain scala- bility problem in the context of time-critical applications. This SLR (systematic literature review) consists of nine sections and is structured as follows: Section 1 introduces blockchain technology. Section 2 discusses the key features and the structure of blockchain. Section 3 discusses related work. Section 4 presents the research methodology, the research question, and the data collection procedure. The find- ings of this SLR are discussed in Section 5. Sections 6–8 exemplify the relevant research on blockchain scalability based on our research questions, and Section 9 concludes this paper. 2. Blockchain Overview Blockchain technology is considered “revolutionarily” that it is highly likely to dis- rupt technology ecosystem in offering feasible solutions for securing data due to these strengths: decentralized features, secure data storing capability, lack of trust, data trans- action auditability, and transparent data processing. It offers data immutability against different attacks, and provides more advanced data privacy, data security, and data in- tegrity. It is believed that blockchain technology will potentially disrupt every industry that exists and drastically change all aspects of our lives [11–13]. A blockchain is a decentralized shared database maintained by a computer node in a peer-to-peer network. The records in the original bitcoin blockchain include transactions between parties concerned with crypto-currency transfer. Both the parties are assigned a private key and public key as per the public key infrastructure (PKI) [12]. The identity or transaction address of the parties is established by the public key hash value. Transaction parties use their private keys to sign transactions, and other parties can then verify them with the public key of the signator. The transactions are sent to all peer nodes in the net- work for validation purposes [11,14–16]. Peer nodes agree on the validated transactions by means of a distributed consensus technique and the sequence in which they should occur. The transactions are recorded in a data format called a “block” [12] and are then committed to a shared database to form a linked chain. Each block in the blockchain has a separate timestamp and a cryptographic hash connecting it to the previous block. Blocks

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